unit 4-choosing language Flashcard

unit 4-choosing language

Canadian Remembrance Day Quotes

Canadian Remembrance Day Quotes In 1915, Canadian soldier  John McCrae wrote a poem called In Flanders Fields. McCrae had served in the Second Battle of Ypres in Flanders, Belgium. He wrote In Flanders Fields after a friend died in battle  and was buried with a simple wooden cross as a marker. The poem describes similar graves on the fields of Flanders, fields that were once alive with red poppies but were now filled with the bodies of dead soldiers. The poem also highlights one of the ironies of war- that soldiers must die so that a nation of people may live. As is the case with most of the British Commonwealth countries,  Remembrance Day in Canada is celebrated on November 11. To mark the occasion, Canadians observe a minute of silence and visit memorials to honor the soldiers who died for their country. The poppy symbolizes  Remembrance Day, and some people wear the flower as a sign of respect. At the National War Memorial, a ceremony is held to honor the soldiers. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is also an important landmark where people show their respect. Canada has always been known for its peaceful people, vibrant culture, and beautiful countryside. But even more than that, Canada is known for its patriotism. On Remembrance Day, salute those patriotic men and women who have served their nation by reading some of the quotes  below. John McCrae In Flanders Fields, the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row,That mark our place; and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below. Jose Narosky In war, there are no unwounded soldiers. Aaron Kilbourn The dead soldiers silence sings our national anthem. Thomas Dunn English But the freedom that they fought for, and the country grand they wrought for, is their monument today, and for aye. Joseph Drake And they who for their country die shall fill an honored grave, for glory lights the soldiers tomb, and beauty weeps the brave. Agnes Macphail Patriotism is not dying for ones country, it is living for ones country. And for humanity. Perhaps that is not as romantic, but its better. John Diefenbaker I am a Canadian, free to speak without fear, free to worship in my own way, free to stand for what I think right, free to oppose what I believe wrong, or free to choose those who shall govern my country. This heritage of freedom I pledge to uphold for myself and all mankind. Pierre Trudeau Our hopes are high. Our faith in the people is great. Our courage is strong. And our dreams for this beautiful country will never die. Lester Pearson Whether we live together in confidence and cohesion; with more faith and pride in ourselves and less self-doubt and hesitation; strong in the conviction that the destiny of Canada is to unite, not divide; sharing in cooperation, not in separation or in conflict; respecting our past and welcoming our future. Paul Kopas Canadian nationalism is a subtle, easily misunderstood but powerful reality, expressed in a way that is not  state-directed- something like a beer commercial or the death of a significant Canadian figure. Adrienne Clarkson We only need to look at what we are really doing in the world and at home and well know what it is to be Canadian.

Project Jesus 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Jesus 1 - Assignment Example In both numbers and John, there are some similarities. Just as Moses lifted up the snake for those bitten to get healed, so Christ must be lifted that anyone who believe may get the eternal life The following traits are predicted about Messiah: Messiah would be like Moses, he would be the Lord God himself, he must shine from Galilee, must be from King David’s line of descendants, would be the son of God, would be born in Bethlehem and must suffer for mankind’s sake. The Holy Spirit role was to be the soul of the church and Christ’s body. He is with Christ, the head of the church, for each church member to unite them, and in the entire church in a perfect harmony. King is the most prominent feature since Messiah was born in the lineage of King David. The priest does not feature most since it was believed one could not be a king and a priest at the same time. Prophesy appears in few places where Christ’s acknowledges being a prophet. In the first coming, it is foretold that the Messiah will not be accepted, and the kings of the earth will plot against Him and those whom He anoints. Whereas in the second coming, it is foretold that the messiah will come back after the rapture and the restoration of Israel to judge both the good and evil. In addition, during his second coming people there will be only one religion and those who will refuse to worship him will get punished (Cox Jr.). 10. Using the evidence above, explain how Jesus could have known that He â€Å"must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders and the chief priests and the scribes, and be killed, and after three days rise again† (Mark 8:31, cf. 9:12; 10:32-34). He was declared by Jehovah as the only begotten son and given the decree over everything. As a prophet in his first coming, Jesus foretold His suffering at the hands of mankind and knew the will of God who sent Him to be fulfilled, and then He must go through suffering. Messiah means the one who has been anointed. Only

Forget the rhetoric. Look at the reality. The UK is as much an EU Essay

Forget the rhetoric. Look at the reality. The UK is as much an EU member state as any other. Discuss - Essay Example Despite the rhetoric, it is essential to note that the UK is an integral part of the EU and its proposed exit would not be as easy as it seems. This country has over the years developed so many ties with the EU that it would be impossible to imagine it existing outside the Union, especially when one considers the influence that it has within it. This paper seeks to show that the UK is as much a member state of the EU as any other and that its ties with the latter are so deep that they cannot be severed. The United Kingdom is one of the founder members of the EU and it is for this reason that this country has invested so much in it. The UK has been a member of this entity since 1973 and as such can be considered to be among the states that form the core of the EU (European Commission, n.d). The result of this membership is that the UK has since 1973 worked towards ensuring that its economy has become integrated with that of other EU member states and this has made it possible for the country to develop at a much faster rate. Following the massive dent that the Second World War had put on the UK’s economy, its joining the EU can be considered to have been a boon because it allowed for the faster development of the economy and this helped towards its recovery. As a founding member, the UK has a voice in the decision making of the EU and this has helped in ensuring that it retains its influence on the European continent; a factor that would not have been possible had it not been a member state. Moreover, the UK has developed strong political ties with other EU member states and this has ensured that negotiations concerning different issues take place easily and makes it possible for better cooperation between them (Schà ¼tze, 2012). The UK, like other EU members, has benefitted a lot from being a member because the Union has made it possible for the peaceful settlement of disputes that might have risen as a result of extreme nationalism and

Nursing Initiatives in Global Health Promotion and Education Assignment - 1

Nursing Initiatives in Global Health Promotion and Education - Assignment Example Health education is a function of various health professionals, but more so for nurses who often spend the most time with patients and their families; and who are often deployed in the community setting. It is therefore important to conceptualize a program which can maximize the role of nurses in health education and community activism. Hence, this program is being conceptualized as a means of improving the health outcomes in China. Goal: To conceptualize a health education plan which will be taught by the hospital nurses to their patient during the latter’s stay in the hospital and by community-based nurses in the community setting a. Teaching the patients and the members of the community (especially those with children of immunizable age) the importance of participating in the government’s EPI (expanded program of immunization). a. Teaching the patients and the community the different benefits of adopting a healthy diet and exercise in one’s life. This includes teaching the patients the different essential foods which can provide optimum health and resistance to diseases. c. Teaching the patient and the community the importance of avoiding excess intake of alcohol and/or drugs; the benefits of quitting smoking; and the different ways they can avoid the transmission and the acquisition of sexually-transmitted diseases. b. Teaching female patients how to properly conduct breast self-examination and male patients how to conduct prostate self-examinations. This also involves teaching patients the different early signs and symptoms which can indicate the presence of diseases. Nurses are at the very forefront of healthcare delivery. Among all the members of the medical team, nurses spend the most time with patients. They are present at almost every stage of the treatment process – from admission to assessment to treatment, and on to discharge.

Sport Is Neither Solely Media Essay

Sport Is Neither Solely Media Essay Sport is often overlooked regarding its influence on cultural and social structures in society Schirato, 2007 However, research has demonstrated that sport associations and various sport-related special interest groups have a resounding impact on larger societal perceptions. Furthermore, sport serves as a key outlet of cultural expression, and often contributes to national pride (Schirato Webb, 2003). The purpose of this essay is to discuss sports role in society and its impact on these cultural and social structures. Specifically, this essay aims to address sports specific role as a vehicle for cultural homogeneity, as well as a medium for national resistance. Drawing on examples of sports role in the global process and its impact on national identity, this essay provides evidence supporting the argument that this form of cultural expression fulfils multiple societal purposes. This essay concludes with a brief summary and outline of key points. Sport as a Vehicle for Cultural Homogeneity This section discusses the role of sport as a vehicle for cultural homogeneity. First, a definition of cultural homogeneity is provided, along with a general discussion of sports implications for promoting this ideology. The Olympic Games are cited as a specific example of sports facilitating role in promoting cultural assimilation. Finally, football is a key example of sport contributing to homogeneity and this sport is discussed in relation to both the United Kingdom and the European Union. Cultural Homogeneity Cultural homogeneity refers to a sense of societal similitude, in which the majority of the population shares the same ideas, values, and even demographic characteristics (Tomlinson Young, 2006). Contrary to cultural diversity, a culturally homogenous society is one that is generally dictated by political leaders (Stolyarov, 2011). According to Tomlinson and Young (2006), cultural homogeneity provides a number of advantages, such as facilitating national pride and increasing peace within a nations borders. However, Tomlinson and Young (2006) also warn of the perils of a culturally homogenous society. For example, the idea is cultural homogeneity is often one that is forced on citizens by the ruling class, and can inhibit national progress (Stolyarov, 2011). Furthermore, cultural homogeneity stifles independent thinking and can contribute to racism and bigotry toward other cultures (Stolyarov, 2011). Ideally, a balance between cultural homogeneity and cultural diversity must be struc k. Sport is a form of cultural expression that helps facilitate this balance and promotes more positive aspects of cultural homogeneity (Schirato, 2007). In many cultures, sport is essential to national identity (Schirato, 2007). Similarly, sport serves as a vehicle for the expression of nationalist sentiment, (Bairner, 2001, p. 12) allowing politicians to promote a link between sport and national political thought. Olympic Games The Olympic Games have long served as a vehicle for cultural homogeneity, both within the host country and each respective participating nation (Dzankic, 2012). In preparation for the Olympic Games, the host country often experiences increased national uniformity and diminished conflict (Schirato, 2007). For example, during the 2000 games in Sydney, the Olympic Games promoted an effective cultural focal point as increasing migrant problems continued to threaten Australias cultural homogeneity (Magdalinski, 2001). During this time, the Asian economic recession severely affected Australias financial security and the nation experienced widespread societal conflict (Magdalinski, 2001). However, the emphasis on preparing for the games helped to unify citizens, as well as provide an economic boost. Both of these benefits have had a lasting impact within Australias borders (Magdalinski, 2001). The 2012 summer games in London have had a similar impact within the United Kingdom. Concerns existed in hosting the games in London due to the 2011 riots that occurred in various boroughs (Dzankic, 2012). More than 3,000 people were arrested within London and five died from the violence associated with the riots. Although the specific cause of the riots was due to a police shooting, the societal outcry reflected more widespread issues such as racism, class discrepancies, and a general economic decline within the United Kingdom (Dzankic, 2012). Furthermore, the violence exhibited cultural problems such as diminishing social morality and rising criminal behaviour (Dzankic, 2012). As with the Sydney games, London was praised for its high level of security and organisation (Dzankic, 2012). Hosting the games helped unify Londons citizens and enthuse the population (Dzankic, 2012). The economic and social impacts of the games still remain to be seen. However, Dzankic (2012) asserts that t he positive repercussions from hosting the games will be felt for multiple generations within London and the United Kingdom. Football Football serves as a particularly strong vehicle for cultural homogeneity within the United Kingdom and throughout Europe (King, 2000). Research (e.g., Tomlinson Young, 2006) has indicated that football plays a central role in promoting both individual and group identity among its fans. European club football, for example, has developed into a central focus for cultural and economic assimilation within the European Union (King, 2000). Interestingly, this integration has not contributed to increased cultural homogeneity among the union, but has, rather, promoted rising competition between its national members (King, 2000). The cultural homogeneity has become stronger within individual countries and not for the union itself (Tomlinson Young, 2006). Oftentimes, the success of European football clubs serves as an expression of emerging national identities and has significant cultural and economic influences (King, 2000). FC Barcelonas success in recent years is a contemporary example o f the emergence of the Catalan national identity. Sport as a Vehicle for National Resistance This section describes sports role in promoting national resistance. A definition of national resistance is first provided, followed by a discussion of historical examples in which sport has helped support citizens efforts to resistance national politics. Finally, specific examples are presented within the United Kingdom. National Resistance National resistance occurs anytime citizens within a nation express opposition to the overlying philosophical, social, and political ideologies of the ruling class (Schirato Webb, 2003). A number of specific national resistance movements have occurred in developing and developed nations worldwide. Even within the United Kingdom, multiple national resistance movements have occurred among groups that seek to prevent cultural homogeneity and protect the typically conservative values of its advocates (Schirato Webb, 2003). Historical Examples As with cultural homogeneity, sports social and political underpinnings have served as a platform for supporting various forms of national resistance (Bairner, 2001). In a classic example from the 1968 Olympic Games, a group of African American athletes symbolically protested their nations involvement in the Vietnam War by raising their fists on the podium (Bairner, 2001). Ok (2005) also illustrates the political significance of sport in a case study of Korean national resistance to Japanese colonial policy in the early 20th century. Finally, Lin and Lee (2007) assert that sport provided a medium for national resistance as baseball gained widespread popularity in Asia during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to these authors, baseball played a central role in advancing the Japanese colonial governments efforts to integrate Taiwanese society (Lin Lee, 2007). However, the Taiwanese were well aware of this political strategy and the acceptance of baseball was met with r esistance (Lin Lee, 2007). Sport can also be viewed as a means of cultural resistance within minority groups against racism and classism (Rowe, 2003). According to Rowe (2003), sport is particularly powerful in the United States as African Americans use sport as a form of resistance to Caucasian racism. In the two most popular sports leagues in the United States, the National Football League and the National Basketball Association, the majority of players are of African American descent (Rowe, 2003). In Major League baseball, a large percentage of players are also of African American descent, while Hispanics and Asians also account for a substantial portion of the league (Ok, 2005). According to Carrington (1998), sport has resulted in the development of specifically race-themed sport institutions, and served as a symbolic indicator of cultural identity in opposition to a predominantly Caucasian society. Sport and National Resistance in the United Kingdom One historical example of national resistance within the United Kingdom occurred in the mid-1990s when Sport England began to allocate funding gained from the Sports Lottery (Garrett, 2004). At the time, this funding source was the largest ever made available to sport in the United Kingdom and resulted in a substantial number of voluntary sports clubs at the grass roots level (Garrett, 2004). However, this funding allocation was initially criticised for serving to advance the political goals of the Department of Culture Media and Sport (DCMS), and did not necessarily reflect the needs of the population (Garrett, 2004). Voluntary sports clubs varied in their willingness to support the funding conditions, and national resistance resulted due to the discrepancy between the amount of funding allocated and the level of benefit granted to sport within England (Garrett, 2004). The United Kingdom has experienced similar results as the United States in the development of its professional sports leagues (Spracklen, Hylton Long, 2006). Sport has served as a platform for minority groups to resist the contingent notions of whiteness embedded in British sport (Spracklen, Hylton Long, 2006, p. 291). Although sport in the United Kingdom continues to be dominated by Caucasians, the Sporting Equals Racial Equality Standards have helped resist this status and promoted organisational change within United Kingdom sports leagues (Spracklen, Hylton Long, 2006). Sports Role in the Global Process This section describes sports role in the globalisation of a culture and the general global process. The global process is first defined, followed by sports specific role in cultural globalisation. Specific examples of the effects of this increased globalisation are then presented. Global Process The global process is a general term to describe the assimilation and increased congruence of cultures worldwide (Schirato Webb, 2003). Globalisation is caused by multiple factors, including social, cultural, political, and environmental contributions (Schirato Webb, 2003). The 21st century has witnessed the most rapid period of globalisation in history, as more information is shared between cultures than ever before (Schirato Webb, 2003). Any process that contributes to a broader international exchange of information and resources can be considered a form of globalisation, and advances in communication technologies have significantly influenced this phenomenon (Schirato Webb, 2003). Role of Sport There is little question that sport has greatly contributed to globalisation. Major worldwide sporting events, such as the Olympic Games and Word Cup serve as primary examples of this globalisation process. The expansion of sport and infusion of athletes from all over the world into major sports leagues has played a pivotal role in integrating cultural and social ideals (Dzankic, 2012). While few would argue that sport has been at the forefront of increased globalisation in the 21st century, some researchers (e.g., Rowe, 2003) attest that sport may not promote the cultural assimilation than was previously thought. For example, Rowe (2003) asserts that sport is so deeply dependent on the production of national cultural difference that it repudiates the possibility of comprehensive globalization (p. 281). Rowe (2003) contests that sports inherent nature actually promotes a resistance to globalisation, and prevents future cultural assimilation. Though this view is somewhat bleak and over-simplistic, an increasing number of sociologists appear to be adopting the same position (Stolyarov, 2011). Perhaps a more accurate depiction of sports role in the globalisation process is to suggest that it serves not just as a vehicle for cultural homogeneity or resistance, but fulfils both outcomes. The cultural integration that has occurred through major worldwide sporting events is undeniable (Schirato Webb, 2003). Though sport is riddled with deep historic national roots that have been the subject of intercontinental controversy, these barriers have been typically overcome in most cases as sports have experienced more internationally-based governing bodies (Schirato, 2007). Congruence has been reached in most major sports regarding rules and politics and few sports belong to just one nation or another (Giulianotti Robertson, 2009). Effects of Globalisation Giulianotti and Robertson (2009) describe how, in just a few centuries, simplistic pasture games have evolved into complex sports with precise rules, and are competed on a global level. All major sports include athletes from all over the world, and the accessibility of equipment and sports leagues for young athletes has increased at an exponential rate in recent history (Giulianotti Robertson, 2009). However, like Rowe (2003), these authors suggest that sports role in the global process does not necessarily facilitate the most ideal forms of cultural integration. The competitive nature of sport may induce a rise in cultural tension in many cases, and the globalisation of the economic side of sport has been the subject of cultural conflict (Giulianotti Robertson, 2009). As sport not longer serves solely as a form of entertainment, and has significant financial ramifications for many countries, some attest that sport is equally responsible for cultural dissemination (Giulianotti Rob ertson, 2009). Within the United Kingdom, Boyle (2010) further highlights the manner in which sport has changed from a form of entertainment into a capitalist industrial complex (p. 1300). The complex relationship between globalisation and national identity particularly manifests itself in the form of football (Boyle, 2010). The severe economic underpinnings of football within the United Kingdom have contributed to a number of cases of international tension and conflict. When beloved football star David Beckham left Europe to play professional football in the United States, for example, he became the scapegoat for increased cultural tensions between citizens of each nation (Boyle, 2010). Sports Role in the Reproduction of National Identities This section emphasises sports role in the reproduction of national identities. As sport is closely related to the adoption of ones national identity, this form of cultural expression provides an outlet to reproduce these ideals on an international level. A definition and discussion of this process is first presented on a global level. Specific examples related to the United Kingdom then follow. National Identities A national identity refers to a persons feelings of belonging to a particular nation, and the congruence of these feelings with other members of the nation (Boyle, 2010). A national identity tends to develop and evolve over time, and is highly dependent on an individuals acceptance of the political, cultural, and social ideals of his or her country. Although this concept is highly variable, research (e.g., Smith Porter, 2004) illustrates that national identity consistently strengthens through multiple platforms, such as the military and media (Smith Porter, 2004). Role of Sport Sport has also consistently served as one of these key platforms of national identity. According to Bairner (2001), most citizens display increased national pride when a member of his or her country experiences athletic success on a global level. Sport has also been used to symbolically reflect the strength, beauty, and vitality of its citizens. A common perception exists that athletic success translates to economic and political fortitude of a particular nation, and numerous countries distribute large percentages of funding resources into sport programs for this very reason (Tomlinson Young, 2006). Even in smaller nations such as Taiwan, sport plays a role in forming citizens national identities and contributes to civic patriotism (Bairner, 2001). Athletic success further contributes to the global perception of cohesiveness among a particular nation and helps integrate divided ethnic groups (Bairner, 2001). The advantages of sport in reproducing national identities is no more obvious than in the competition between nations to host the Olympic games or other global sporting events (Tomlinson Young, 2006). According to Tomlinson and Young (2006), these events provide a basis for which political ideologies can be spread, emit a global sense of cohesive national identity, and serve as measuring sticks for the evolving social and political environment of an ever-increasing global society. Furthermore, the long-term financial advantages gained from these perceptions of national pride, such as increased trade and foreign investment, far outweigh the initial costs of hosting major sporting events (Dzankic, 2012). Historical Examples During the imperial stages of Britains cultural history, sport was used as a means of training citizens to adopt its values and beliefs (Giulianotti Robertson, 2009). This period had a strong influence on forming the British national identity, and also served to promote both social and political assimilation among lower and higher classes (Rowe, 2003). The results from the adoption of sport continue to manifest in the form of local and national competitions that honour the British crown and celebrate British cultural similitude (Rowe, 2003). Once again, the London Olympics illustrate the links between sports and reproduction of national identity (Dzankic, 2012). While sport is often only viewed for its competitive aspect, Dzankic (2012) asserts that sport has become an increasing symbol of national pride. The level of patriotism displayed at global sporting events such as the Olympics places a spotlight on the nations politics, and sport plays an important role for understanding a nation and its citizens (Dzankic, 2012). Sport goes beyond its superficial physical aspect and serves as a manifestation of all of a nations social, political and cultural elements (Dzankic, 2012). Contributing to sport and rooting for national teams, individuals display their citizenship and exhibit their consolidation to a political regime (Rowe, 2003). In every nation that has hosted the Olympics, England included, the citizens have enjoyed an increased sense of unity and national identity in the years that followed (Dzankic, 2012). Summary and Conclusion Sport is often overlooked regarding its influence on cultural and social structures in society. Sport can be considered a form of cultural expression that promotes more positive aspects of cultural homogeneity. Specifically, the Olympic Games have long served as a vehicle for cultural homogeneity, both within the host country and each respective participating nation. Football also serves as a particularly strong vehicle for cultural homogeneity within the United Kingdom and throughout Europe. National resistance occurs anytime citizens within a nation expression opposition to the overlying philosophical, social, and political ideologies of the ruling class. As with cultural homogeneity, sports social and political underpinnings have served as a platform for supporting various forms of national resistance. Sport can also be viewed as a means of cultural resistance within minority groups against racism and classism. One historical example of national resistance within the United Kingdom occurred in the mid-1990s when Sport England began to allocate funding gained from the Sports Lottery. Globalisation is caused by multiple factors, including social, cultural, political, and environmental. There is little question that sport has greatly contributed to globalisation. Major worldwide sporting events, such as the Olympic Games and Word Cup serve as primary examples of this globalisation process. All major sports include athletes from all over the world, and the accessibility of equipment and sports leagues for young athletes has increased at an exponential rate in recent history. Sport has consistently served as one of these key platforms of national identity. The advantages of sport in reproducing national identities are evident in the competition that exists between nations to host the Olympic Games or other global sporting events. The level of patriotism displayed at global sporting events such as the Olympics places a spotlight on the nations politics, and sport plays an important role for understanding a nation and its citizens. Based on the evidence provided, it can be said that sport is both a vehicle for cultural homogeneity, as well as a medium for national resistance.

Advertising Of Benetton :: essays research papers fc

While seeking out a definition for "Marketing", I found the term to consist of "the development, pricing, distribution, and promotion of ideas, goods and services" (Dominick, 398). Nowadays, when we think of marketing strategies, we immediately think of advertising, why is that? Firstly, it is considered as one of the important elements of marketing. Advertising is one of the few elements that tend to roll most of the different aspects of marketing into one. It is a division of the "general promotion process, along with personal selling, sales promotions, and public relations" (Dominick, 398). In order for a company to succeed, it is almost necessary for them to advertise their product. Now the question of how advertising came to be and the evolution of its purposes arises. Though it would be quite impossible to give any exact idea as to the period when the first advertisement of any kind made its first appearance, there is no doubt of advertising first occurring in the earliest times. The true history of advertising dates back to the remotest possible times, when an increasing population led every man to make efforts in the race for prominence, which has continued on in some way or another ever since. At that time, however, advertisements were merely scratches on walls, with the occasional clay bricks stenciled with inscriptions by the Babylonians. Advertisements during the middle Ages consisted of town criers shouting what the king wanted to be heard, because so few people were literate (Sampson, 86). Although advertising can be traced back this far, the most significant and true development in the early history of advertising was the invention of movable typ e in 1440 by Johann Gutenberg. This led to the printing of newspapers, handbills, and other publications from which inevitably rose advertising, as we know it today (Cohen, p.73). To put it simply, advertising serves as an aid to companies that provide goods or services (or both), to sell whatever it is they have to offer. Most advertisements are often criticized for encouraging materialistic values and promoting that what one possesses is more important than who one is (Presbrey). Advertisers want their ad to stand out so they attempt to do so by using techniques such as humor, ongoing story lines, unexpected dialogue, unusual techniques, attention getting spokespersons, or simply by repeating ads to the extent that it is inevitable for a consumer to remember them (Cohen, p.

Describe and Compare the Two Forms of Cubism

According to the Tate Gallery’s exposition (1979) Cubism has remained the most important and influential movement of the 20th century, notwithstanding the movement’s short duration. According to Read (1994) the major period for Cubism was from 1907 to 1914, with Picasso and Braque as the main originators of the movement. The rationale for the Tate’s statement is given as â€Å"the artists associated with [Cubism] took some of the most decisive steps towards abstraction†, and this extreme development â€Å"has become the archetype of later revolutionary movements† (p. 84). The movement, according to Read, was the first abstract style of the 20th century, and named by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles, who took up a remark by Matisse about â€Å"Braque’s little cubes† (p. 100). One source (artlex. com) cites Vauxcelles as saying: â€Å"M. Braque scorns form and reduces everything, sites, figures and houses, to geometric schemas and cubes. † One of the most innovative developments is that the creators of Cubism sought to replace a single viewpoint and light source, normal within the western art world since the Renaissance, with a much more complete representation of any object, combining many ‘aspects’. Initially colours were temporarily abandoned and shapes were simplified and flattened. Space was furthermore rendered by means of oblique lines and overlapping forms (The Tate Gallery, 1979). According to Belton (2002, p. 109) Picasso and Braque both struggled with the problem of representing three dimensional objects and figures in the two dimensional medium of painting; â€Å"their solution was to create an abstract form that could display two or more sides of an object simultaneously†. Whilst Picasso’s Demoiselles d’Avignon is generally viewed as the first Cubist painting, Read (1994) argues that the painting might be more usefully viewed as ‘pre-Cubist’, or ‘proto-Cubist’, as it was so heavily influenced by Iberian or African art. Cezanne’s later work is often viewed as the catalyst for the development of Cubism, and Read cites Cezanne’s advice to Bernard â€Å"to deal with nature by means of the cylinder, the sphere and the cone† (p. 100). Cezanne, by trusting his eyes and attempting to express natural, binocular vision, allowed for the ‘truth’ of the shifted viewpoint (Moszynska, 1990). Cubism gives the artist a way of depicting the world in a way that goes beyond what can be seen, and attempts to deal with the energies of objects. According to Read (1994) Cubism could be categorized into various divisions, including ‘analytic’, ‘hermetic’ and ‘synthetic’. This essay will mainly concentrate in the analytic and synthetic forms of Cubism. The term ‘hermetic’ refers to the largely or wholly indecipherable way of representing an object in the flatter type of abstraction, as typical of both Braque’s and Picasso’s later way of working. In this phase the allover pattern became more important. Other sources (including artlex. com) refer to ‘analytic’ cubism as ‘facet’ cubism. Analytical and Synthetic Cubism acquired their names through the comments by art historian Einstein, and in effect are retrospective labels. Einstein wrote that the â€Å"simplistic distortions† employed by Picasso, as typified by his portrait of Gertrude Stein, led to â€Å"a period of analysis and fragmentation and finally to a period of synthesis† (as cited in Foster, Krauss, Bois and Buchloh, 2004, p. 106). The analytical phase of Cubism, as developed by Braque and Picasso, was characterised by a number of different features, starting with the contraction of the painters’ palettes, away from the full colour spectrum to rather monochrome selections, which Foster et al. term ‘abstemious’. The second characteristic is the extreme flattening of the visual space, â€Å"as though a roller had pressed all the volume out of the bodies† (ibid. , p. 106). The third characteristic identified by Foster et al. is the visual vocabulary used to describe â€Å"the physical remains of this explosive process† (p. 06). Foster et al. illustrate these features with Picasso’s portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (1910) and Bracque’s painting The Portuguese (The Emigrant, 1911-12). The grey or tonal scale, the traditional tool of representing volume, is used very differently by the Cubists. Kahnweiler, the art dealer who exhibited both Braque and Picasso’s work, identified the â€Å"bringing about the unity of the pictorial object† as the exclusive concern of Cubism (Foster et al. , 2004, p. 107). Kahnweiler’s view as upheld by Greenberg, who saw Analytical Cubism as the fusion between two types of flatness: the â€Å"depicted flatness†, shoving the fragmented objects closer to the surface, and the â€Å"literal flatness† of that surface (ibid. , p. 109). Foster and his colleagues however question this: they note a number of differences between the evident intentions of Braque and Picasso in relation to the flat plane, with Picasso, being more ‘tactile’, more focused on exploring the possibilities of using Cubism for sculpture, and Braque more concerned with transparency. Steinberg too, urged against the blurring of Picasso and Braque’s pictures. The two exponents of Cubism saw themselves as being ‘roped together’ like mountaineers in their exploration of this new way of working, with the ebullient Spaniard referring to Braque as his ‘wife’. However, Braque was loyal to ‘passage’, the practice of visual slippage between adjacent elements, whereas Picasso, according to Foster et al. , had an â€Å"overwhelming concern with a vestigial kind of depth† (ibid, p. 109). Picasso seemed more focused on making depth tactile, as Foster et al. demonstrate with showing Picasso’s central plunging depth in Houses on the hill: Horta de Ebro (1909). They go on to argue that Braque is more concerned with the ‘diaphanous’ quality of Cubism, with the loss of traditional notions of figure and ground The Tate Gallery (1979, p. 85) presents Braque’s Clarinet and a Bottle of Rum on a Mantelpiece (1911) as a crucial point in Cubism, â€Å"when the breaking down of objects had been carried to a point very close to complete abstraction†. After this point Braque and Picasso started to introduce areas of wood-graining, the use of collage, and a re-introduction of colour, thereby representing objects in a more recognisable, but also more symbolic way. According to Gersh-Nesic (n. d. ) Synthetic Cubism integrates â€Å"high† and â€Å"low† art (art made by an artist combined with art made for commercial purposes, such as packaging), and according to some can be considered the first Pop Art. Even before 1912 Braque and Picasso had introduced stenciled lettering into their paintings. These stencils were not fine art, they were used for packaging and pub signs. The stencils draw attention to the surface of the canvas, since the uniform letters appear independent of what's painted underneath them. Two technical innovations exemplify new development in Cubism: papier colle and collage. Papier colle involves sticking coloured paper onto the canvas and was invented by Braque. Collage was developed by Picasso, and involved sticking all sorts of materials, such as leather, newspaper, material and rope, onto the surface. Sticking different materials, such as woodgrain, onto the surface of the painting playfully confused what was real and what was an illusion (Tate, n. d. ). New, provocative questions are raised with the use of collage, namely: what is more realistic, to perfectly simulate the look of a newspaper in oil paint, or to stick actual newspaper onto the canvas? (Tate, n. d. ). Wadley (1970, p. 13) holds that â€Å"technically and conceptually† Synthetic Cubism was â€Å"a denial of the European tradition†, in that the surface was now the furthest point from the spectator, not the nearest. Artists working in a synthetic way started with the terms of painting, and from them composed an image which they could justly claim was more real, â€Å"since it in no sense distorted or imitated something else† (ibid. p. 14). Gris, who was the clearest formulator of cubist theory, stated: I work with the elements of the intellect, with the imagination. I try to make concrete that which is abstract. I proceed from the general to the particular, by which I mean that I start with an abstraction in order to arrive at a true fact. Mine is an art of synthesis, of deduction. (ibid. , p. 129) Gris was called a ‘demon of logic’ by Apollinaire. Indeed, his way of working and thinking was different from his Cubist colleagues. According to Wadley the integration in Gris’ work is tighter than in comparable Picassos or Braques. Gris used collage only in his paintings, and its effect is always to strengthen the rigid division of the surface. [ ]There is no hint of Picasso’s ragged edges and random encounters, nor of Braque’s simple elements floating in a spacious arena. The total effect is of tight concentration. (Wadley, 1970, p. 82) Gris’ meticulous style is evident in how he has painstakingly arranged the letters in ‘Le Matin’ in Man in the Cafe, to correspond with the diagonal columns and echo the horizontal line elow (ibid). Foster et al. (2004) make a ‘semiotic’ reading of Picasso’s use of material in his Violin (1912): the ‘twin’ pieces of newsprint paper represent on the one hand the frontal, opaque (wood of the violin), as well as the transparent, amorphous ‘ground’ (background colour). They go on to claim that a similar visual play of meaning is evident in Picasso’s Bottle of Vieux Marc, Glass and Newspaper (1913), where a piece of wallpaper is used to represent the liquid in the glass, the rim of the glass, and the ground of the table-cloth. The cut out piece used for the liquid (looking like a chef’s top hat) represents transparency, whilst the ‘negative shape’ left by the incision represents the solid stem of the glass. The viewer might be left with the question whether the ever playful Picasso was just enjoying a visual pun, or whether he intended any of this to be read as ‘signs’. The artist himself stated: â€Å"Mathematics, trigonometry, chemistry, psycho-analysis, music and whatnot, have been related to cubism to give it an easier interpretation. All this has been pure literature, not to say nonsense, which brought bad results, blinding people with theories. (Wadley, 1970, p. 128) During its lifetime both Analytical and Synthetic Cubism encompassed and influenced many artists – the most notable of these being Leger, the three Duchamp/Villon brothers, Robert and Sonia Delaunay, Gleizes and Metzinger (who published a book on Cubism). For some of these artists Cubism functioned as a transition, although Picasso would hold that â€Å"Cubism is neither a seed, nor a foetus, but an art dealing primarily with forms, and when a form is realized it is there to live its own life† (Wadley, p. 28). It led artists like Piet Mondrian to what he saw as its logical end, complete abstraction. Cubism may have been short-lived as a movement, but it continues to influence contemporary art to this day. Collage, for instance, has become a widely practiced form of art. And in terms of form, the practice of reducing everything to the ‘cylinder, the sphere and the cone’ was brought to mind on viewing some of Manolo Valdes’ work, in an exhibition in The Hague this summer.

Politics of the 1980s Essay

The 1980s were marked by the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidential office.   The Republican Party had succeeded in gaining control of the Senate for the first time since 1954 (Spartacus Educational, 2007).   Conservatism, the ideals and goals of the new Republican president, began to change politics, religion, and the economy of the United States.   Reagan had many visions that appealed highly to social conservatives.   This paper will discuss the political issues during the Reagan administration. During the presidential campaign of 1980, a highly critical event was occurring under President James Carter.   In the conflict between Iran and Iraq, several Americans had been taken hostage by Iran.   President Carter was attempting to negotiate the release of the hostages.   Is successful, this move could prove dangerous to Reagan’s campaign.   After Iraq invaded Iran in September 1980, Carter proposed a deal with Iran that would provide much needed parts and equipment in exchange for the American hostages.   Because of the large amount of media coverage, President Carter was unsuccessful in this attempt. Ronald Reagan, however, was able to promise Iran that they would receive the parts and equipment, provided that the hostages were released.   Reagan won the election against Carter.   The hostages were released after Reagan was sworn into office.   Reagan gained the public’s confidence by being successful where Carter could not be: getting the hostages released and returned home.   William Casey, appointed by Reagan as CIA director, arranged delivery of the equipment and parts to Iran.   All the promises that were made to Iran, by Reagan, had been fulfilled.   Unfortunately, Iran now had the means to make attacks against the United States (Spartacus, 2007). Reagan’s political goals appealed to the social conservatives of the nation.   Unfortunately, Reagan’s social goals did not gain as much widespread attention as his economic and military goals.   Regan sought to cut taxes and increase military spending (Davidson et al, 2002). Reagan’s main goal was to weaken big government by using a supply-side economic theory.   By implementing a huge tax cut, the economy would be stimulated enough to raise tax revenues.   Critics argued that economic expansion would be slowed greatly.   Reagan chose higher employment and weakened unions as methods to combat inflation (Davidson et al, 2002). Reagonomics, the term used to describe Reagan’s economic policies, eventually led to a recession (Davidson et al, 2002).   Big corporations had to unwillingly yield regarding wages and work conditions.   Ultimately, the interactions between the aspects of Reagan’s policies caused conflict.   Weidenbaum (1997) stated: â€Å"Monetary restraint was the key to unwinding inflation, as well as precipitating sharp recession.   Recession, in turn, delayed the beneficial effects of the tax cuts on investment and pushed the budget deficit to unprecedented heights†¦Ironically, it was the enactment of tax cuts unmatched by spending cuts that scared the Fed into a tighter monetary policy.   The subsequent recession caused serious budgetary imbalance.† In addressing his military goals, Reagan chose to raise the spending budget.   Reagan’s desire was to create a force that could act against threats of Communism world-wide, on its own.   This was a task not easily carried out previously (Davidson et al, 2002). The largest increases of the military spending budget were allotted for expensive nuclear weapons system.   The defense planners of the Reagan administration brought back the antinuclear peace movements with Europe and America.   The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) had the purpose of establishing a missile defense system that was to be based in space. Even though the economic aspects of Reagan’s political goals were conflicting with each other, the public’s confidence was still strong.   Reagan’s publicity was so sound that it seemed impenetrable.   Reagan easily won the 1984 presidential election (Davidson et al, 2002). Reagan adopted the same attitudes toward foreign policy as the rest of his political agenda.   Reagan was a strong believer that the United States should stand tall and proud.   Unfortunately, growing problems overseas proved that maintaining order was quite problematic. Reagan, in trying to help a war torn region gain peace, sent American members of the Marines to Lebanon.   The American peacekeepers were soon forced into the middle of a civil war.   Terrorists blew up a U.S. military barrack, killing 241 people.   The President ordered the troops to leave immediately (Davidson et al, 2002). Growing problems in other nations were occurring as well.   By the middle of 1985, there were two major problems that demanded immediate attention.   â€Å"First, Congress had forbidden support of the Contras in Nicaragua.   And second, Iranian-backed terrorists continued to hold American hostages in Lebanon† (Davidson et al, 2002). Controversy soon took control.   Reagan had found a way to negotiate the release of the hostages in Lebanon.   If the U.S. sold Iran a few weapons, they might, in turn, persuade Lebanon to release the hostages.   In a year’s time, there had been four secret shipments of weapons to Iran.   Only one hostage was released.   This exchange of weapons for hostages was not only a failure, but completely contradictory to the President’s solemn promise to never pay a ransom to terrorists (Davidson et al, 2002). Meanwhile, Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and NSA Advisor Robert McFarlane had discovered a way to secretly aid the Nicaraguan Contras.   McFarlane was able to convince Saudi Arabia to deposit a large amount of money into a savings account where it could then be laundered.   Oliver North then spent the money on weapons that were sent through Central America (Davidson et al, 2002). Because information of the two secret operations had been leaked, there were hearings held.   The scandal had been named â€Å"Irongate,† comparing it to Richard Nixon’s scandal.   The hearings soon ended.   Reagan’s improving relations with the Soviets helped to restore confidence once again (Davidson et al, 2002). In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev entered the Kremlin.   In December 1987, Reagan met with Gorbachev to sign the Intermediate Nuclear Force treaty, in which both sides would destroy any intermediate-range nuclear missiles with ranges of 600 to 3400 miles.   Both sides agreed to on-site inspections of any missile bases (Davidson et al, 2002). With the presidential election of 1988 growing near, Reagan could now take credit for the positive results of relations with the Soviets.   George H.W. Bush, the Vice President, seemed to be the rightful Republican heir.   â€Å"Bush vowed a continuation of Reagan’s policies and in foreign affairs he was as aggressive as his predecessor† (Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition; 2007). As a conclusion, Lawrence Kudlow (1997) stated: â€Å"It was Ronald Reagan who led this Revolution, who established this new higher ground, who provided us with the spirit, the vision, and the road map which is today still being followed by the most successful politicians on the world scene.† References Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition. (2007). â€Å"United States.† New York: Columbia University Press; 52958 pgs. Davidson et al. (2002) Nations of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic, 3rd edition, Vol. 2. Kudlow, L. (1997). â€Å"Reagonomics: What Worked? What Didn’t?† Keynote Address delivered to the Center of the American Experiment. [electronic] Accessed at http://www.kudlow.com/pdfs/Reagonomics.pdf Spartacus Educational. (2008). â€Å"Ronald Reagan.† Accessed at http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAreagan.htm Weidenbaum, M. (1997) â€Å"Reagonomics – Its Remarkable Results.† Christian Science Monitor, December 18, 1997. Accessed at http://www.csmonitor.com/durable/1997/12/18/opin/opin.2.html

Free Essays on Hasidic Judaism

The Jewish communities of Eastern Europe in the late 17th and early 18th Centuries were devastated. From 1648 – 1654, â€Å"the greatest Jewish suffering since the Crusades [Porath, 33]† occurred which have been misleadingly coined the Ukrainian uprisings. This period, in Hebrew, is known as the Tach v’Tacht (the phrase represents all eight of the years, but is actually an acronym for the two worst years, the beginning years of the uprisings, 1648-49). Cossack anti-Semite Bogdan Chmelnicki led his fellow Cossacks, who were also Ukrainian peasants, throughout Europe to slaughter Jews. Historians say that anywhere from 100,000 to 125,000 Jews were slain: twenty to twenty-five percent of the Jewish population of Europe at that time [webinfonet.net/heritage/history.html, 10/29/01]. Many leaders attempted to arise from the occasion as Jewish leaders, but none of the flames could endure; no one could truly captivate the people enough to make his/her movement credible in the mind of the public. Then, in the early 18th Century, enters Israel Ben Eliezer, the man known as the Ba’al Shem Tov, Israel Ba’al Shem Tov, or Besht, the founder of Hasidism. He truly captivated the public as a strong, able leader whose philosophies were consistent with that of the working class, anti-intellectual, faithless Jew. Therefore, the entrance of Hasidism into the lives of Polish Jews, and eventually Jews around the world was a result of the need for blind faith in hard times, dissatisfaction with options available, and previously unseen able leadership. In order to truly understand Hasidism, we must attempt to understand the man to whom â€Å"more legends have been woven around†¦than around Moses, father of the Prophets [Rabinowicz, 29]† : Israel Ba’al Shem Tov, and his theological philosophies. Israel Ba’al Shem Tov (abbreviated as Besht) was born circa 1700 as part of a poor Polish family. He was an orphan at a young age, and was sent... Free Essays on Hasidic Judaism Free Essays on Hasidic Judaism The Jewish communities of Eastern Europe in the late 17th and early 18th Centuries were devastated. From 1648 – 1654, â€Å"the greatest Jewish suffering since the Crusades [Porath, 33]† occurred which have been misleadingly coined the Ukrainian uprisings. This period, in Hebrew, is known as the Tach v’Tacht (the phrase represents all eight of the years, but is actually an acronym for the two worst years, the beginning years of the uprisings, 1648-49). Cossack anti-Semite Bogdan Chmelnicki led his fellow Cossacks, who were also Ukrainian peasants, throughout Europe to slaughter Jews. Historians say that anywhere from 100,000 to 125,000 Jews were slain: twenty to twenty-five percent of the Jewish population of Europe at that time [webinfonet.net/heritage/history.html, 10/29/01]. Many leaders attempted to arise from the occasion as Jewish leaders, but none of the flames could endure; no one could truly captivate the people enough to make his/her movement credible in the mind of the public. Then, in the early 18th Century, enters Israel Ben Eliezer, the man known as the Ba’al Shem Tov, Israel Ba’al Shem Tov, or Besht, the founder of Hasidism. He truly captivated the public as a strong, able leader whose philosophies were consistent with that of the working class, anti-intellectual, faithless Jew. Therefore, the entrance of Hasidism into the lives of Polish Jews, and eventually Jews around the world was a result of the need for blind faith in hard times, dissatisfaction with options available, and previously unseen able leadership. In order to truly understand Hasidism, we must attempt to understand the man to whom â€Å"more legends have been woven around†¦than around Moses, father of the Prophets [Rabinowicz, 29]† : Israel Ba’al Shem Tov, and his theological philosophies. Israel Ba’al Shem Tov (abbreviated as Besht) was born circa 1700 as part of a poor Polish family. He was an orphan at a young age, and was sent...

Contemporary challenges facing nurses in the provision for older Essay

Contemporary challenges facing nurses in the provision for older adults in Australia - Essay Example These findings identify a concern that the care delivery system has moved away from a patient-centred model of care towards one that focuses increasingly less on the patient and more on the needs of the system. The reality that health care organisations in Australia are not always delivering health care to elder patients and their families that emphasises their individual needs, desires and circumstances represents contemporary challenge for healthcare professionals and nursing personnel. The health care delivery method known as â€Å"patient-centred care† is now recognised as the mechanism most likely to improve quality of care and the health status of elder patients. This quality focus on the delivery of patient-centred care recognises the contribution of patient and family experiences in care delivery processes (Epstein et al, 2005). This approach includes an appreciation of interpersonal processes or the relationship development aspects of care as essential and pivotal requirements for the delivery of high quality health care. This particular â€Å"patient-centred† perspective for care delivery has become the leading policy directive for improving quality (Davis, Schoenba um & Audet, 2005). At the point of service and service delivery, nurses are uniquely positioned to deliver patient-centred care for Australia ageing population. Although no single definition of patient-centred care is commonly acknowledged, typical dimensions of patient-centred care include health care activities that encompass the qualities of caring, compassion, and responsiveness to the needs of the individual human (Healthissuescentre, 2010). Effective patient-centred care has been shown to be influenced by organisational factors such as characteristics of the work environment and nurses’ job satisfaction. In studies comparing patient-centred care

Pilot shortage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pilot shortage - Research Paper Example The United States needs to make major changes in the airline industry and pilot certification programs now, to protect the industry from the devastating effects of this shortage, and to ensure the continued stability of airline travel both nationally, and internationally for years to come. A pilot, also known as an aviator, is the person in control of an aircraft during flight. In terms of the safety of the flight, pilots are the most vital single component, because they are responsible for the aircraft during travel. According to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) commercial aircraft are required to have two pilots in the cockpit during Air Carrier operations, and to ensure there is someone who can take control during an emergency. For the last decades, the shortage of people entering the field of aviation has been growing, creating a notable shortage of pilots. There are a number of reasons that there are not enough pilots to currently meet America’s need for air travel including: increased rate of pilot retirement, decreased qualified individuals entering the field of aviation, increased restrictions and requirements, and increased demand for air travel services. As a result, the pilot shortage has been a growing problem in United States aviation industry, and if not solved carefully, it is a deficit that could lead to many serious problems. However, with efforts from all parts of aviation industry, pilot shortage is not a no-solution problem. A pilot shortage is the inadequacy or insufficiency of people qualified to actively and directly operate the â€Å"directional flight controls of an aircraft while it is in flight† (Wikipedia, 2015). Culturally, it refers to a situation where America currently, or any country, has very few aviators currently employed, creating a situation where there are not enough