Every US Secretary of State

Essay Clover Valley Dairy Case Study - Letter to Charles...

Clover Valley Dairy Case study - Letter to Charles Krieger Dear Charles Krieger, A big thanks for your letter in regards to market testing of the new cups and carriers! Your suggestions are much appreciated and are really very helpful in what we are trying to do. I want to share my thoughts about the market testing we want to conduct and also discuss with you the ideas you have proposed, with the final goal of finalizing them and ensuring that we indeed have the right approach for this initiative. I have outlined below my thinking on key points for your consideration. Before getting into the actual market test, I wanted to discuss and clarify on what is the actual purpose of this research. We have spent significant time and effort†¦show more content†¦It should without a doubt be cost effective. Considering this, I would agree with your suggestion of having a much smaller test market to carry out the study, with primary research using real customers. Primary research would give us key insights from real customers which can be acted upon, and as we are doing this with just a subset of the population it would be both cost effective and not risk overall product objectives. This brings us to the larger question of whether the multipack should be tested at all, as interest and employee family testing has shown it to be working and effective for the purpose intended. I believe that it is very important and critical that we have this test, as it would help us validate our assumptions and have feedback from real customers, insight that could prove very valuable and also prevent us from risk of failure and harming one of our very successful new products. If we are going ahead with the test, we should also deliberate and agree on the criteria that would measure success or failure of the testing. The criteria for success would be subjective feedback from customers that they like the new packing at least at the same level as the older one. Objective feedback for success would be that there is no loss of sales or increase of sales with the new packaging. On the contrary, the failure criteria for this test would be sales of the product going down and customers not buying. Other failureShow MoreRelatedClover Valley Dairy Compan Essay1807 Words   |  8 PagesThe study data appear to support the notion that CFC grape juice is held in high esteem in Puerto Rico, yet a solution to CFC’s sales problem is needed. With this in mind, Ms. Verbrugge arranged a meeting with Jeff Hartman, Market Research Manager, to discuss and review the situation. Ms. Verbrugge wanted to examine the problem in more detail and was prepared to commit additional funds for marketing research. Before making any decision, however, she wanted Mr. Hartman’s assessment of the situation

Of Mice and Men Euthanasia Free Essays

Death is one of the things humans have to understand in order to be able to live through life. Being born, growing up, learning to survive, and earning a living, these are all the milestones into becoming a statistic. Like dying, mercy is a fortunate circumstance that a person has in any situation towards a variety of offenders. We will write a custom essay sample on Of Mice and Men: Euthanasia or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some say that mercy is a blessing resulting from a divine favor. In the story, â€Å"Of Mice and Men† by John Steinbeck, Lennie was euthanized by George, Lennie’s caretaker/ friend. I believe that George, as a friend, only killed Lennie in grand admiration of Lennie’s already ill-fated continuance, like Candy’s dog. In the world of â€Å"Of Mice and Men†, Candy’s dog represents the fate awaiting anyone who has outlived his or her purpose. Quotes from Carlson, a ranch-hand, reveals this saying, â€Å"†Whyn’t you get Candy to shoot his old dog and give him one of the pups to raise up? †, â€Å"I can smell that dog a mile away. †, â€Å"Got no teeth, damn near blind, can’t eat. Candy feeds him milk. He can’t chew nothing else†, and â€Å"He’s all stiff with rheumatism. He ain’t no good to you, Candy. An’ he ain’t no good to himself. † After this scene, Candy finally lets Carlson euthanize his dog. Both Lennie and Candy’s dog would suffer if they lived. Candy’s dog relates to the reason why Lennie was killed by George. Candy’s dog wasn’t in good health and Lennie killed Curly’s wife and would be in trouble with the law. Although Carlson promises to kill the dog painlessly, his insistence that the old animal must die supports a cruel natural law that the strong will dispose of the weak. Afterwards, Candy has regrets about the ordeal, and wishes he would have killed the dog himself instead. Like how Candy’s dog was euthanized, Lennie also was. He was killed with far greater compassion though. George loves his friend Lennie, whom he has looked after faithfully, and he doesn’t want Lennie to die horribly. He euthanized him out of love, therefore he is justified. Since Lennie unwittingly killed Curley’s wife, George knows that there is no way to save him now. Even if they do escape, Lennie will never be safe because he doesn’t know how to avoid getting into trouble. Furthermore, if Curley gets his hands on Lennie, he will make his revenge be slow, terrifying, and painful. Therefore, George knows that the only way to protect Lennie is to shoot him. Lennie’s puppy is one of several symbols that also represent the victory of the strong over the weak. Lennie kills the puppy accidentally, as he has killed many mice before, by virtue of his failure to recognize his own strength. When Curley’s wife screamed, he didn’t know how to make her stop, except by force. Evidence supports that George must save his friend by mercifully killing him. †Of Mice and Men† reflects upon many situations of mercy in many varieties. In this manner George is a divine favor over Lennie’s life bestowed upon him by Aunt Clara. As Lennie’s blessing, George had the god given right to distribute mercy upon his â€Å"other-half† in unfortunate circumstances. For this reason, Carlson and Curley represent the harsh conditions of a distinctly real world, a world in which the weak will always be vanquished by the strong and in which the rare, delicate bond between friends is not appropriately mourned because it is not understood. How to cite Of Mice and Men: Euthanasia, Papers

Downfall of Nokia Empire in Global Market-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Downfall of Nokia Empire in Global Market. Answer: Detail statement of problem This business research is related to the downfall of Nokia. As Nokia was one of the leading company indulged in the business of selling mobile phones. This company beat up the Motorola Company, which launched the first mobile phone in the market. Nokia has seen success, as the mobile phones launched by the company were appreciated by the customers. Later, due to lack of innovation and outdated technology, Nokia began to fall in the market. This place is conquered by the iPhone and other mobile companies. This research will be done to study the reasons behind the fall of such a big and successful company. Research aim, Objectives and research questions Research`s main aim is- To analyze the factors which cause downfall to Nokia empire Researchs objective is to accomplish the aim of research. The main objectives of the research are- To assess the reasons behind failures of Nokia in the global market. To explore consumers preference level in regards to Nokia mobile phones. To recognize the problems as well as issues related to the downfall of Nokia mobile. The primary research question is- What are the issues or problems which caused failure of Nokia? Justification and Potential output of the research Research justification Research has importance in regards to the business purpose. As through the research output, the reasons behind Nokia`s downfall will be accessed. These reasons can be evaluated and considered by the business organizations; so that if they fall in such situation then actions taken by the Nokia could be considered. In addition to this, this research will also be crucial for Nokia to assess the points where they lost and that resulted in their downfall. This research will also be important as the preferences and views of the customers will be assessed through the research, and these preferences can be used by other business organization for their business purpose. Research`s potential output The potential output of the research will be- The reasons behind the failure of Nokia will be one of the outcomes of the research. Reviews of customers about Nokia will also be assessed through the research, hence the customer`s reviews are another potential output. Issues and problems which gave birth to the reasons for Nokia's downfall. Conceptual framework The mobile phone is a portable device. Phones having features like messaging, email, MMS, text, video games etc. are known as a smartphone. According to international communication, 90% of the population of the world has access to mobile phones. This device has completely changed since its inception. World's first mobile phone was made by an engineer of Motorola Company in the year 1973. Its weight was around 1.1kg, 30 minutes of talk time was available, time took to charging was 6 hours and was also very high in cost as compared to today`s phones. First commercial mobile for sale was Motorola Dyna TAC 800. This device has brought both good and bad influence on our life. Nowadays mobile phones have become an integral part of our life. We cannot suppose to live without and are incomplete. It is a good source of entertainment, study, learning etc. WPA phones offer many features like a recorder, gaming, camera, internet which is really a very good improvement in the mobile technology(Un gson Wong, 2014). It has become very easy for a businessman to communicate with the employees, staff about the progress of the project, work etc. from sitting home. Employees also remain in contactwith the main office regarding any query which helps in Solving the problems, efficient working, and productivity. Using this they can reach to the customers on the phone which helps inproviding good services also helps in coloration with whole staff when away from office or home. It really helps in- Contact with friends, family members. In entertaining us and keeping in touch with all other activities of the world. In daily work like booking a car, making payments through inline wallets and various other apps that are available online. It is very convenient to carry as a means of entertainment compared to big ones like to TV, radio, etc. Provides safety in case of emergency. Helps in finding the right path, if you are lost; through navigation system in mobiles and through GPS. It is a device (smart) developed in keeping in mind the needs and convenience of the people. But regular use of mobile for any person is very dangerous for the health. Excessive use of this electronic device may cause an issue for the eyes vision, headache, and also the fingers. It also emits radiation, which is very harmful to our health. We are not able to focus on our work. It distracts us on a large scale. Nowadays children arevery fond of this device. They are not interested in playing the outdoor game they are more interestedin game which is available online on their mobiles and other electronic devices. This has resulted in theless development of childrencompared to childrens who play an outdoor game. The physical development is adversely affected(Mitomo, Fuke, Bohlin, 2015). They like to remain alone and are not interested in other things. Better and proper use of mobile can be very useful and boon for human life but if we use it only for gaming and time passing than its result will be harmful Nokia has manufactured the different types of mobile so by producing the very good mobiles phone due to this Nokia always remains in the market. In the earlier days when there is boom of Motorola mobile phone at that time Nokia introduced a mobile phone with very smart features like smart appearance, clear sound, having a big screen and also having the facilities of scrolling text menu mobile phone as a result of it Nokia have gained the record sales and the whole world start knowing the Nokia. Nokia is progressing day by day in 1992, Nokia has launched first GSM mobile known as 1011, after that in 1996 Nokia has launched the series phone 6110 having the big features of long durable battery power. In 1998 Nokia coming with worlds first metal texture mobile phone N8810. As a result of it, the production quantity of Nokias mobile phone increased day by day and it reached to 1 billion and cross the Motorola and became the largest mobile company in mobiles(Bates, 2014). Nokia has become the first producer to involve the changing case theory to the world. As a result of this changing case theory, Nokia products has become the fashion trends and also introduced the new phone in the market which suits the public fashionable trends known as Nokia 5100. In addition to this Nokia working on the new technology so as a result of it Nokia has launched the first mobile phone having the features of games can be played on the mobile and also having the features of WAP along this Nokia laun ched the first slide mobile phone even more new technology Nokia introducing day by day. In the year 2002 Nokia has introduced the first color screen phone which also includes the camera with good picture quality. In 2005, Nokia changed its production`s name. The company introduced three smartphones that were N70, N90, and N91. All these were smartphones Based in Symbian S60 system. These Nokia smartphones were quite popular in the market. Nokia has broken all record and in 2006, till now Nokia has launched many mobile phones such as 6030, 5200, N73, N93. E60 etc. after that in the year, 2008 new introduced the first touch mobiles. In the same year, Nokia also introduced the slides phones. Day by day Nokia launching the phones and introduced the N8 having the 12 megapixels camera mobile phones(Ungson Wong, 2014). After 2010 Nokia fails to provide the service of classic phone and fall down. As a result of it, Nokia has come back with the windows phone and made a tie-up with windows and start developed phones together with windows and with the help of this Nokia launched the windows phone known as Nokia Lumia. Nokia is facing many problems and the more problems occur when the Android has come, and then I phone come Nokia has completely fallen down. Nokia is always a big support of Symbian system. But the IT experts examine that the Symbian and system having the so many problems, lack of flexibility and also having the problem while connecting with social networking services. So many problems are there while using Nokia phone it is too low-pitched while Apple and Palm is a tough competitor for Nokia. As a result of it people of US do not buy Nokia and only a few countries Nokia is popular such as China, Europe, and India etc. The main reason behind Nokia phone is a high price, Steady and routine and selecting the wrong system due to this it falls downwards. In addition to this Nokia always satisfy the consumer needs and try their best to satisfy the needs of the consumers. Nokia always does research over the 100 countries to know the changes occurs in the consumer's needs and according to them do changes(Martnez-Lpez, 2015). Now a day Apple has been launched and the Apple viewpoint is let the world follow me. Although the Nokia is working in hard disks and also having the god battery power only these two things do not satisfy the customers and in the software technology Nokia is going down not satisfying the needs of the customers and even not developing the technology according to the needs of the customers or according to the market trends(Mitomo, Fuke, Bohlin, 2015). So that according to the changes people want a good system by that people can be satisfying and must be fast and easy to use and the features must be unique at the same time mobile having the camera, games, MP3, MP4 and even the design of mobile phones also attracts the people. A very good example taken from I phone, I phone has become the fashion for the youth and seniors and having the high and new technology and always do some new innovations so people attract and the Nokia always focusing on the senior's people and not paying attention towards youth and no innovative done. The main reason of the failure of Nokia is because of I phone is coming, and even people think failure is because of not understanding the needs of customers and also not having the service of 3g. The failure of Nokia is not the I phone, the Nokia is working and also successful in last 15 years the failure is failing in the making the strategy and even not having any rules and not think so much about what changes can happen to the market and even the rules can be changed and also not pay attention towards the fashion style of the people changes day by day(Ghuman,, 2010). When the iPhone was launched, Nokia does not think about developing the market, not satisfying the customers; did not think about the market trends; not tried to produce the better and new technology product for the customers as a result of it failure comes down and the Nokia loss their leadership in the market. Research Methodology This research is will be done through following the mixed research methodology. As this research will have both qualitative and quantities measures. The research methodology that will be followed to complete the study is discussed below: Sampling technique- Convenient sampling technique is going to be approached to collect the primary data. Sample- The number of samples for the study will be 500. Data collection- Both the sources will be approached for data collection. Primary data- The primary sources, which will be approached for the collection of data are- observation and interview. Both the sources of primary data collection are going to be approached to gather the relevant data(Bates, 2014). Secondary data- It will also be required for the study. The data related to Nokia's sales as well as the articles and journals will be accessed to gather the data. Data analysis- Qualitative data will be analyzed with the help of expert`s advice; whereas the quantitative data will be analyzed through statistical mean( Kuada, 2012). Organization of the study The chapters of the research will be organized in the manner given below: Chapter 1will be regarding the research study which has been defined and been marked in the starting of the assignment/ project. Chapter 2will make you know about the hindrances regarding the project. In this main problems will be discussed at length. Chapter 3 is about the principal aims and objectives of the research and also the questions related to the research. Chapter 4, will tell you about the importance of the research whether is justified or not for the different users for research. Chapter 5, in this information regarding the outcome of the research project will be displayed in a descriptive manner. Chapter 6 descriptive descriptions about the business activities will be written and also the literature review will be shown in the chapter. Chapter 7, it will make you know in detail, the methods adopted for undertaking the researc Project Budget Activities Expenses Justification of expenses Conceptual framework or literature review $ 650 The literature review is used for the research, and also needs for examine the reviewed articles and also published articles these both needs for the organizations such as Nokia. In this, if the material is required for the literature review $650 will be incurred. Preparation of questionnaire for interview $800 The questionnaire is needed for the research and will be prepared by the experts and charge of $800 will be taken by the experts for preparing the Questionnaire. Observation of business activities $650 Collecting the data from a different source in context to business activities of organizations will cost $650. Data analysis $2200 Data can be examined after that charts and tables are prepared and software is also needed to examine the statistical data and for this process cost of $2200 is charged. Total estimated budget for the research project $ 4300 For complete the project budget is necessary. The budget must be estimated. There is always some difference can be there is the estimated budget and the real cost might vary for the budget for executing a research project. Project Schedule Activities Starting date of Activity Ending date of Activity Total duration for completion of activities (in days) Detailed Problem Statement 4 September, 2017 6 September, 2017 3 Research aim, objective and question 7 September 2017 11 September 2017 5 Justification of the project 12 September 2017 17 September 2017 6 Potential outcome of research 18 September, 2017 20 September, 2017 3 Conceptual Framework 21 September, 2017 27 September, 2017 7 Research Methodology 28 September, 2017 30 September, 2017 3 Total days for accomplishing activities - - 27 days References Boeije, H. R. (2009). Analysis in Qualitative Research. SAGE Publications. Bougie, ., Sekaran, U. (2016). Research Methods For Business: A Skill Building Approach. Wiley. Creswell, J. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches. SAGE. Engel, U., Jann, B., Lynn, . (2014). Improving Survey Methods: Lessons from Recent Research. Routledge. . Kuada, J. (2012). Research Methodology. Samfundslitteratur. Leavy, P. (2017). Research Design. Guilford Publications. Marsden, P., Wright, . (2010). Handbook of Survey Research. Emerald Group Publishing. Saris, W., Gallhofer, . (2014). Design, Evaluation, and Analysis of Questionnaires for Survey Research. John Wiley Sons. Vogt, W. (2011). SAGE Quantitative Research Methods. SAGE. Bates, S. (2014). Understanding and Doing Successful Research. Routledge. Becker,, L., Denicolo, P. (2012). Developing Research Proposals. SAGE. Boeije, H. R. (2009). Analysis in Qualitative Research. Sage. Bryman, A., Bell, ,. (2015). Business Research Methods. Oxford University Press. Crowther, D., Lancaster, G. (2012). Research Methods. Routledge. Ghuman,, D. (2010). Management: Concepts, Practice Cases. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Martnez-Lpez, F. (2015). Handbook of Strategic e-Business Management. Springer Science Business Media. Mitomo, H., Fuke, H., Bohlin, . (2015). The Smart Revolution Towards the Sustainable Digital Society. Edward Elgar Publishing. Ungson, G., Wong, .-Y. (2014). Global Strategic Management. Routledge.

unit 4-choosing language Flashcard

unit 4-choosing language

Canadian Remembrance Day Quotes

Canadian Remembrance Day Quotes In 1915, Canadian soldier  John McCrae wrote a poem called In Flanders Fields. McCrae had served in the Second Battle of Ypres in Flanders, Belgium. He wrote In Flanders Fields after a friend died in battle  and was buried with a simple wooden cross as a marker. The poem describes similar graves on the fields of Flanders, fields that were once alive with red poppies but were now filled with the bodies of dead soldiers. The poem also highlights one of the ironies of war- that soldiers must die so that a nation of people may live. As is the case with most of the British Commonwealth countries,  Remembrance Day in Canada is celebrated on November 11. To mark the occasion, Canadians observe a minute of silence and visit memorials to honor the soldiers who died for their country. The poppy symbolizes  Remembrance Day, and some people wear the flower as a sign of respect. At the National War Memorial, a ceremony is held to honor the soldiers. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is also an important landmark where people show their respect. Canada has always been known for its peaceful people, vibrant culture, and beautiful countryside. But even more than that, Canada is known for its patriotism. On Remembrance Day, salute those patriotic men and women who have served their nation by reading some of the quotes  below. John McCrae In Flanders Fields, the poppies blowBetween the crosses, row on row,That mark our place; and in the skyThe larks, still bravely singing, flyScarce heard amid the guns below. Jose Narosky In war, there are no unwounded soldiers. Aaron Kilbourn The dead soldiers silence sings our national anthem. Thomas Dunn English But the freedom that they fought for, and the country grand they wrought for, is their monument today, and for aye. Joseph Drake And they who for their country die shall fill an honored grave, for glory lights the soldiers tomb, and beauty weeps the brave. Agnes Macphail Patriotism is not dying for ones country, it is living for ones country. And for humanity. Perhaps that is not as romantic, but its better. John Diefenbaker I am a Canadian, free to speak without fear, free to worship in my own way, free to stand for what I think right, free to oppose what I believe wrong, or free to choose those who shall govern my country. This heritage of freedom I pledge to uphold for myself and all mankind. Pierre Trudeau Our hopes are high. Our faith in the people is great. Our courage is strong. And our dreams for this beautiful country will never die. Lester Pearson Whether we live together in confidence and cohesion; with more faith and pride in ourselves and less self-doubt and hesitation; strong in the conviction that the destiny of Canada is to unite, not divide; sharing in cooperation, not in separation or in conflict; respecting our past and welcoming our future. Paul Kopas Canadian nationalism is a subtle, easily misunderstood but powerful reality, expressed in a way that is not  state-directed- something like a beer commercial or the death of a significant Canadian figure. Adrienne Clarkson We only need to look at what we are really doing in the world and at home and well know what it is to be Canadian.

Project Jesus 1 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Project Jesus 1 - Assignment Example In both numbers and John, there are some similarities. Just as Moses lifted up the snake for those bitten to get healed, so Christ must be lifted that anyone who believe may get the eternal life The following traits are predicted about Messiah: Messiah would be like Moses, he would be the Lord God himself, he must shine from Galilee, must be from King David’s line of descendants, would be the son of God, would be born in Bethlehem and must suffer for mankind’s sake. The Holy Spirit role was to be the soul of the church and Christ’s body. He is with Christ, the head of the church, for each church member to unite them, and in the entire church in a perfect harmony. King is the most prominent feature since Messiah was born in the lineage of King David. The priest does not feature most since it was believed one could not be a king and a priest at the same time. Prophesy appears in few places where Christ’s acknowledges being a prophet. In the first coming, it is foretold that the Messiah will not be accepted, and the kings of the earth will plot against Him and those whom He anoints. Whereas in the second coming, it is foretold that the messiah will come back after the rapture and the restoration of Israel to judge both the good and evil. In addition, during his second coming people there will be only one religion and those who will refuse to worship him will get punished (Cox Jr.). 10. Using the evidence above, explain how Jesus could have known that He â€Å"must suffer many things and be rejected by the elders and the chief priests and the scribes, and be killed, and after three days rise again† (Mark 8:31, cf. 9:12; 10:32-34). He was declared by Jehovah as the only begotten son and given the decree over everything. As a prophet in his first coming, Jesus foretold His suffering at the hands of mankind and knew the will of God who sent Him to be fulfilled, and then He must go through suffering. Messiah means the one who has been anointed. Only

Forget the rhetoric. Look at the reality. The UK is as much an EU Essay

Forget the rhetoric. Look at the reality. The UK is as much an EU member state as any other. Discuss - Essay Example Despite the rhetoric, it is essential to note that the UK is an integral part of the EU and its proposed exit would not be as easy as it seems. This country has over the years developed so many ties with the EU that it would be impossible to imagine it existing outside the Union, especially when one considers the influence that it has within it. This paper seeks to show that the UK is as much a member state of the EU as any other and that its ties with the latter are so deep that they cannot be severed. The United Kingdom is one of the founder members of the EU and it is for this reason that this country has invested so much in it. The UK has been a member of this entity since 1973 and as such can be considered to be among the states that form the core of the EU (European Commission, n.d). The result of this membership is that the UK has since 1973 worked towards ensuring that its economy has become integrated with that of other EU member states and this has made it possible for the country to develop at a much faster rate. Following the massive dent that the Second World War had put on the UK’s economy, its joining the EU can be considered to have been a boon because it allowed for the faster development of the economy and this helped towards its recovery. As a founding member, the UK has a voice in the decision making of the EU and this has helped in ensuring that it retains its influence on the European continent; a factor that would not have been possible had it not been a member state. Moreover, the UK has developed strong political ties with other EU member states and this has ensured that negotiations concerning different issues take place easily and makes it possible for better cooperation between them (Schà ¼tze, 2012). The UK, like other EU members, has benefitted a lot from being a member because the Union has made it possible for the peaceful settlement of disputes that might have risen as a result of extreme nationalism and

Nursing Initiatives in Global Health Promotion and Education Assignment - 1

Nursing Initiatives in Global Health Promotion and Education - Assignment Example Health education is a function of various health professionals, but more so for nurses who often spend the most time with patients and their families; and who are often deployed in the community setting. It is therefore important to conceptualize a program which can maximize the role of nurses in health education and community activism. Hence, this program is being conceptualized as a means of improving the health outcomes in China. Goal: To conceptualize a health education plan which will be taught by the hospital nurses to their patient during the latter’s stay in the hospital and by community-based nurses in the community setting a. Teaching the patients and the members of the community (especially those with children of immunizable age) the importance of participating in the government’s EPI (expanded program of immunization). a. Teaching the patients and the community the different benefits of adopting a healthy diet and exercise in one’s life. This includes teaching the patients the different essential foods which can provide optimum health and resistance to diseases. c. Teaching the patient and the community the importance of avoiding excess intake of alcohol and/or drugs; the benefits of quitting smoking; and the different ways they can avoid the transmission and the acquisition of sexually-transmitted diseases. b. Teaching female patients how to properly conduct breast self-examination and male patients how to conduct prostate self-examinations. This also involves teaching patients the different early signs and symptoms which can indicate the presence of diseases. Nurses are at the very forefront of healthcare delivery. Among all the members of the medical team, nurses spend the most time with patients. They are present at almost every stage of the treatment process – from admission to assessment to treatment, and on to discharge.

Sport Is Neither Solely Media Essay

Sport Is Neither Solely Media Essay Sport is often overlooked regarding its influence on cultural and social structures in society Schirato, 2007 However, research has demonstrated that sport associations and various sport-related special interest groups have a resounding impact on larger societal perceptions. Furthermore, sport serves as a key outlet of cultural expression, and often contributes to national pride (Schirato Webb, 2003). The purpose of this essay is to discuss sports role in society and its impact on these cultural and social structures. Specifically, this essay aims to address sports specific role as a vehicle for cultural homogeneity, as well as a medium for national resistance. Drawing on examples of sports role in the global process and its impact on national identity, this essay provides evidence supporting the argument that this form of cultural expression fulfils multiple societal purposes. This essay concludes with a brief summary and outline of key points. Sport as a Vehicle for Cultural Homogeneity This section discusses the role of sport as a vehicle for cultural homogeneity. First, a definition of cultural homogeneity is provided, along with a general discussion of sports implications for promoting this ideology. The Olympic Games are cited as a specific example of sports facilitating role in promoting cultural assimilation. Finally, football is a key example of sport contributing to homogeneity and this sport is discussed in relation to both the United Kingdom and the European Union. Cultural Homogeneity Cultural homogeneity refers to a sense of societal similitude, in which the majority of the population shares the same ideas, values, and even demographic characteristics (Tomlinson Young, 2006). Contrary to cultural diversity, a culturally homogenous society is one that is generally dictated by political leaders (Stolyarov, 2011). According to Tomlinson and Young (2006), cultural homogeneity provides a number of advantages, such as facilitating national pride and increasing peace within a nations borders. However, Tomlinson and Young (2006) also warn of the perils of a culturally homogenous society. For example, the idea is cultural homogeneity is often one that is forced on citizens by the ruling class, and can inhibit national progress (Stolyarov, 2011). Furthermore, cultural homogeneity stifles independent thinking and can contribute to racism and bigotry toward other cultures (Stolyarov, 2011). Ideally, a balance between cultural homogeneity and cultural diversity must be struc k. Sport is a form of cultural expression that helps facilitate this balance and promotes more positive aspects of cultural homogeneity (Schirato, 2007). In many cultures, sport is essential to national identity (Schirato, 2007). Similarly, sport serves as a vehicle for the expression of nationalist sentiment, (Bairner, 2001, p. 12) allowing politicians to promote a link between sport and national political thought. Olympic Games The Olympic Games have long served as a vehicle for cultural homogeneity, both within the host country and each respective participating nation (Dzankic, 2012). In preparation for the Olympic Games, the host country often experiences increased national uniformity and diminished conflict (Schirato, 2007). For example, during the 2000 games in Sydney, the Olympic Games promoted an effective cultural focal point as increasing migrant problems continued to threaten Australias cultural homogeneity (Magdalinski, 2001). During this time, the Asian economic recession severely affected Australias financial security and the nation experienced widespread societal conflict (Magdalinski, 2001). However, the emphasis on preparing for the games helped to unify citizens, as well as provide an economic boost. Both of these benefits have had a lasting impact within Australias borders (Magdalinski, 2001). The 2012 summer games in London have had a similar impact within the United Kingdom. Concerns existed in hosting the games in London due to the 2011 riots that occurred in various boroughs (Dzankic, 2012). More than 3,000 people were arrested within London and five died from the violence associated with the riots. Although the specific cause of the riots was due to a police shooting, the societal outcry reflected more widespread issues such as racism, class discrepancies, and a general economic decline within the United Kingdom (Dzankic, 2012). Furthermore, the violence exhibited cultural problems such as diminishing social morality and rising criminal behaviour (Dzankic, 2012). As with the Sydney games, London was praised for its high level of security and organisation (Dzankic, 2012). Hosting the games helped unify Londons citizens and enthuse the population (Dzankic, 2012). The economic and social impacts of the games still remain to be seen. However, Dzankic (2012) asserts that t he positive repercussions from hosting the games will be felt for multiple generations within London and the United Kingdom. Football Football serves as a particularly strong vehicle for cultural homogeneity within the United Kingdom and throughout Europe (King, 2000). Research (e.g., Tomlinson Young, 2006) has indicated that football plays a central role in promoting both individual and group identity among its fans. European club football, for example, has developed into a central focus for cultural and economic assimilation within the European Union (King, 2000). Interestingly, this integration has not contributed to increased cultural homogeneity among the union, but has, rather, promoted rising competition between its national members (King, 2000). The cultural homogeneity has become stronger within individual countries and not for the union itself (Tomlinson Young, 2006). Oftentimes, the success of European football clubs serves as an expression of emerging national identities and has significant cultural and economic influences (King, 2000). FC Barcelonas success in recent years is a contemporary example o f the emergence of the Catalan national identity. Sport as a Vehicle for National Resistance This section describes sports role in promoting national resistance. A definition of national resistance is first provided, followed by a discussion of historical examples in which sport has helped support citizens efforts to resistance national politics. Finally, specific examples are presented within the United Kingdom. National Resistance National resistance occurs anytime citizens within a nation express opposition to the overlying philosophical, social, and political ideologies of the ruling class (Schirato Webb, 2003). A number of specific national resistance movements have occurred in developing and developed nations worldwide. Even within the United Kingdom, multiple national resistance movements have occurred among groups that seek to prevent cultural homogeneity and protect the typically conservative values of its advocates (Schirato Webb, 2003). Historical Examples As with cultural homogeneity, sports social and political underpinnings have served as a platform for supporting various forms of national resistance (Bairner, 2001). In a classic example from the 1968 Olympic Games, a group of African American athletes symbolically protested their nations involvement in the Vietnam War by raising their fists on the podium (Bairner, 2001). Ok (2005) also illustrates the political significance of sport in a case study of Korean national resistance to Japanese colonial policy in the early 20th century. Finally, Lin and Lee (2007) assert that sport provided a medium for national resistance as baseball gained widespread popularity in Asia during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. According to these authors, baseball played a central role in advancing the Japanese colonial governments efforts to integrate Taiwanese society (Lin Lee, 2007). However, the Taiwanese were well aware of this political strategy and the acceptance of baseball was met with r esistance (Lin Lee, 2007). Sport can also be viewed as a means of cultural resistance within minority groups against racism and classism (Rowe, 2003). According to Rowe (2003), sport is particularly powerful in the United States as African Americans use sport as a form of resistance to Caucasian racism. In the two most popular sports leagues in the United States, the National Football League and the National Basketball Association, the majority of players are of African American descent (Rowe, 2003). In Major League baseball, a large percentage of players are also of African American descent, while Hispanics and Asians also account for a substantial portion of the league (Ok, 2005). According to Carrington (1998), sport has resulted in the development of specifically race-themed sport institutions, and served as a symbolic indicator of cultural identity in opposition to a predominantly Caucasian society. Sport and National Resistance in the United Kingdom One historical example of national resistance within the United Kingdom occurred in the mid-1990s when Sport England began to allocate funding gained from the Sports Lottery (Garrett, 2004). At the time, this funding source was the largest ever made available to sport in the United Kingdom and resulted in a substantial number of voluntary sports clubs at the grass roots level (Garrett, 2004). However, this funding allocation was initially criticised for serving to advance the political goals of the Department of Culture Media and Sport (DCMS), and did not necessarily reflect the needs of the population (Garrett, 2004). Voluntary sports clubs varied in their willingness to support the funding conditions, and national resistance resulted due to the discrepancy between the amount of funding allocated and the level of benefit granted to sport within England (Garrett, 2004). The United Kingdom has experienced similar results as the United States in the development of its professional sports leagues (Spracklen, Hylton Long, 2006). Sport has served as a platform for minority groups to resist the contingent notions of whiteness embedded in British sport (Spracklen, Hylton Long, 2006, p. 291). Although sport in the United Kingdom continues to be dominated by Caucasians, the Sporting Equals Racial Equality Standards have helped resist this status and promoted organisational change within United Kingdom sports leagues (Spracklen, Hylton Long, 2006). Sports Role in the Global Process This section describes sports role in the globalisation of a culture and the general global process. The global process is first defined, followed by sports specific role in cultural globalisation. Specific examples of the effects of this increased globalisation are then presented. Global Process The global process is a general term to describe the assimilation and increased congruence of cultures worldwide (Schirato Webb, 2003). Globalisation is caused by multiple factors, including social, cultural, political, and environmental contributions (Schirato Webb, 2003). The 21st century has witnessed the most rapid period of globalisation in history, as more information is shared between cultures than ever before (Schirato Webb, 2003). Any process that contributes to a broader international exchange of information and resources can be considered a form of globalisation, and advances in communication technologies have significantly influenced this phenomenon (Schirato Webb, 2003). Role of Sport There is little question that sport has greatly contributed to globalisation. Major worldwide sporting events, such as the Olympic Games and Word Cup serve as primary examples of this globalisation process. The expansion of sport and infusion of athletes from all over the world into major sports leagues has played a pivotal role in integrating cultural and social ideals (Dzankic, 2012). While few would argue that sport has been at the forefront of increased globalisation in the 21st century, some researchers (e.g., Rowe, 2003) attest that sport may not promote the cultural assimilation than was previously thought. For example, Rowe (2003) asserts that sport is so deeply dependent on the production of national cultural difference that it repudiates the possibility of comprehensive globalization (p. 281). Rowe (2003) contests that sports inherent nature actually promotes a resistance to globalisation, and prevents future cultural assimilation. Though this view is somewhat bleak and over-simplistic, an increasing number of sociologists appear to be adopting the same position (Stolyarov, 2011). Perhaps a more accurate depiction of sports role in the globalisation process is to suggest that it serves not just as a vehicle for cultural homogeneity or resistance, but fulfils both outcomes. The cultural integration that has occurred through major worldwide sporting events is undeniable (Schirato Webb, 2003). Though sport is riddled with deep historic national roots that have been the subject of intercontinental controversy, these barriers have been typically overcome in most cases as sports have experienced more internationally-based governing bodies (Schirato, 2007). Congruence has been reached in most major sports regarding rules and politics and few sports belong to just one nation or another (Giulianotti Robertson, 2009). Effects of Globalisation Giulianotti and Robertson (2009) describe how, in just a few centuries, simplistic pasture games have evolved into complex sports with precise rules, and are competed on a global level. All major sports include athletes from all over the world, and the accessibility of equipment and sports leagues for young athletes has increased at an exponential rate in recent history (Giulianotti Robertson, 2009). However, like Rowe (2003), these authors suggest that sports role in the global process does not necessarily facilitate the most ideal forms of cultural integration. The competitive nature of sport may induce a rise in cultural tension in many cases, and the globalisation of the economic side of sport has been the subject of cultural conflict (Giulianotti Robertson, 2009). As sport not longer serves solely as a form of entertainment, and has significant financial ramifications for many countries, some attest that sport is equally responsible for cultural dissemination (Giulianotti Rob ertson, 2009). Within the United Kingdom, Boyle (2010) further highlights the manner in which sport has changed from a form of entertainment into a capitalist industrial complex (p. 1300). The complex relationship between globalisation and national identity particularly manifests itself in the form of football (Boyle, 2010). The severe economic underpinnings of football within the United Kingdom have contributed to a number of cases of international tension and conflict. When beloved football star David Beckham left Europe to play professional football in the United States, for example, he became the scapegoat for increased cultural tensions between citizens of each nation (Boyle, 2010). Sports Role in the Reproduction of National Identities This section emphasises sports role in the reproduction of national identities. As sport is closely related to the adoption of ones national identity, this form of cultural expression provides an outlet to reproduce these ideals on an international level. A definition and discussion of this process is first presented on a global level. Specific examples related to the United Kingdom then follow. National Identities A national identity refers to a persons feelings of belonging to a particular nation, and the congruence of these feelings with other members of the nation (Boyle, 2010). A national identity tends to develop and evolve over time, and is highly dependent on an individuals acceptance of the political, cultural, and social ideals of his or her country. Although this concept is highly variable, research (e.g., Smith Porter, 2004) illustrates that national identity consistently strengthens through multiple platforms, such as the military and media (Smith Porter, 2004). Role of Sport Sport has also consistently served as one of these key platforms of national identity. According to Bairner (2001), most citizens display increased national pride when a member of his or her country experiences athletic success on a global level. Sport has also been used to symbolically reflect the strength, beauty, and vitality of its citizens. A common perception exists that athletic success translates to economic and political fortitude of a particular nation, and numerous countries distribute large percentages of funding resources into sport programs for this very reason (Tomlinson Young, 2006). Even in smaller nations such as Taiwan, sport plays a role in forming citizens national identities and contributes to civic patriotism (Bairner, 2001). Athletic success further contributes to the global perception of cohesiveness among a particular nation and helps integrate divided ethnic groups (Bairner, 2001). The advantages of sport in reproducing national identities is no more obvious than in the competition between nations to host the Olympic games or other global sporting events (Tomlinson Young, 2006). According to Tomlinson and Young (2006), these events provide a basis for which political ideologies can be spread, emit a global sense of cohesive national identity, and serve as measuring sticks for the evolving social and political environment of an ever-increasing global society. Furthermore, the long-term financial advantages gained from these perceptions of national pride, such as increased trade and foreign investment, far outweigh the initial costs of hosting major sporting events (Dzankic, 2012). Historical Examples During the imperial stages of Britains cultural history, sport was used as a means of training citizens to adopt its values and beliefs (Giulianotti Robertson, 2009). This period had a strong influence on forming the British national identity, and also served to promote both social and political assimilation among lower and higher classes (Rowe, 2003). The results from the adoption of sport continue to manifest in the form of local and national competitions that honour the British crown and celebrate British cultural similitude (Rowe, 2003). Once again, the London Olympics illustrate the links between sports and reproduction of national identity (Dzankic, 2012). While sport is often only viewed for its competitive aspect, Dzankic (2012) asserts that sport has become an increasing symbol of national pride. The level of patriotism displayed at global sporting events such as the Olympics places a spotlight on the nations politics, and sport plays an important role for understanding a nation and its citizens (Dzankic, 2012). Sport goes beyond its superficial physical aspect and serves as a manifestation of all of a nations social, political and cultural elements (Dzankic, 2012). Contributing to sport and rooting for national teams, individuals display their citizenship and exhibit their consolidation to a political regime (Rowe, 2003). In every nation that has hosted the Olympics, England included, the citizens have enjoyed an increased sense of unity and national identity in the years that followed (Dzankic, 2012). Summary and Conclusion Sport is often overlooked regarding its influence on cultural and social structures in society. Sport can be considered a form of cultural expression that promotes more positive aspects of cultural homogeneity. Specifically, the Olympic Games have long served as a vehicle for cultural homogeneity, both within the host country and each respective participating nation. Football also serves as a particularly strong vehicle for cultural homogeneity within the United Kingdom and throughout Europe. National resistance occurs anytime citizens within a nation expression opposition to the overlying philosophical, social, and political ideologies of the ruling class. As with cultural homogeneity, sports social and political underpinnings have served as a platform for supporting various forms of national resistance. Sport can also be viewed as a means of cultural resistance within minority groups against racism and classism. One historical example of national resistance within the United Kingdom occurred in the mid-1990s when Sport England began to allocate funding gained from the Sports Lottery. Globalisation is caused by multiple factors, including social, cultural, political, and environmental. There is little question that sport has greatly contributed to globalisation. Major worldwide sporting events, such as the Olympic Games and Word Cup serve as primary examples of this globalisation process. All major sports include athletes from all over the world, and the accessibility of equipment and sports leagues for young athletes has increased at an exponential rate in recent history. Sport has consistently served as one of these key platforms of national identity. The advantages of sport in reproducing national identities are evident in the competition that exists between nations to host the Olympic Games or other global sporting events. The level of patriotism displayed at global sporting events such as the Olympics places a spotlight on the nations politics, and sport plays an important role for understanding a nation and its citizens. Based on the evidence provided, it can be said that sport is both a vehicle for cultural homogeneity, as well as a medium for national resistance.

Advertising Of Benetton :: essays research papers fc

While seeking out a definition for "Marketing", I found the term to consist of "the development, pricing, distribution, and promotion of ideas, goods and services" (Dominick, 398). Nowadays, when we think of marketing strategies, we immediately think of advertising, why is that? Firstly, it is considered as one of the important elements of marketing. Advertising is one of the few elements that tend to roll most of the different aspects of marketing into one. It is a division of the "general promotion process, along with personal selling, sales promotions, and public relations" (Dominick, 398). In order for a company to succeed, it is almost necessary for them to advertise their product. Now the question of how advertising came to be and the evolution of its purposes arises. Though it would be quite impossible to give any exact idea as to the period when the first advertisement of any kind made its first appearance, there is no doubt of advertising first occurring in the earliest times. The true history of advertising dates back to the remotest possible times, when an increasing population led every man to make efforts in the race for prominence, which has continued on in some way or another ever since. At that time, however, advertisements were merely scratches on walls, with the occasional clay bricks stenciled with inscriptions by the Babylonians. Advertisements during the middle Ages consisted of town criers shouting what the king wanted to be heard, because so few people were literate (Sampson, 86). Although advertising can be traced back this far, the most significant and true development in the early history of advertising was the invention of movable typ e in 1440 by Johann Gutenberg. This led to the printing of newspapers, handbills, and other publications from which inevitably rose advertising, as we know it today (Cohen, p.73). To put it simply, advertising serves as an aid to companies that provide goods or services (or both), to sell whatever it is they have to offer. Most advertisements are often criticized for encouraging materialistic values and promoting that what one possesses is more important than who one is (Presbrey). Advertisers want their ad to stand out so they attempt to do so by using techniques such as humor, ongoing story lines, unexpected dialogue, unusual techniques, attention getting spokespersons, or simply by repeating ads to the extent that it is inevitable for a consumer to remember them (Cohen, p.

Describe and Compare the Two Forms of Cubism

According to the Tate Gallery’s exposition (1979) Cubism has remained the most important and influential movement of the 20th century, notwithstanding the movement’s short duration. According to Read (1994) the major period for Cubism was from 1907 to 1914, with Picasso and Braque as the main originators of the movement. The rationale for the Tate’s statement is given as â€Å"the artists associated with [Cubism] took some of the most decisive steps towards abstraction†, and this extreme development â€Å"has become the archetype of later revolutionary movements† (p. 84). The movement, according to Read, was the first abstract style of the 20th century, and named by the art critic Louis Vauxcelles, who took up a remark by Matisse about â€Å"Braque’s little cubes† (p. 100). One source (artlex. com) cites Vauxcelles as saying: â€Å"M. Braque scorns form and reduces everything, sites, figures and houses, to geometric schemas and cubes. † One of the most innovative developments is that the creators of Cubism sought to replace a single viewpoint and light source, normal within the western art world since the Renaissance, with a much more complete representation of any object, combining many ‘aspects’. Initially colours were temporarily abandoned and shapes were simplified and flattened. Space was furthermore rendered by means of oblique lines and overlapping forms (The Tate Gallery, 1979). According to Belton (2002, p. 109) Picasso and Braque both struggled with the problem of representing three dimensional objects and figures in the two dimensional medium of painting; â€Å"their solution was to create an abstract form that could display two or more sides of an object simultaneously†. Whilst Picasso’s Demoiselles d’Avignon is generally viewed as the first Cubist painting, Read (1994) argues that the painting might be more usefully viewed as ‘pre-Cubist’, or ‘proto-Cubist’, as it was so heavily influenced by Iberian or African art. Cezanne’s later work is often viewed as the catalyst for the development of Cubism, and Read cites Cezanne’s advice to Bernard â€Å"to deal with nature by means of the cylinder, the sphere and the cone† (p. 100). Cezanne, by trusting his eyes and attempting to express natural, binocular vision, allowed for the ‘truth’ of the shifted viewpoint (Moszynska, 1990). Cubism gives the artist a way of depicting the world in a way that goes beyond what can be seen, and attempts to deal with the energies of objects. According to Read (1994) Cubism could be categorized into various divisions, including ‘analytic’, ‘hermetic’ and ‘synthetic’. This essay will mainly concentrate in the analytic and synthetic forms of Cubism. The term ‘hermetic’ refers to the largely or wholly indecipherable way of representing an object in the flatter type of abstraction, as typical of both Braque’s and Picasso’s later way of working. In this phase the allover pattern became more important. Other sources (including artlex. com) refer to ‘analytic’ cubism as ‘facet’ cubism. Analytical and Synthetic Cubism acquired their names through the comments by art historian Einstein, and in effect are retrospective labels. Einstein wrote that the â€Å"simplistic distortions† employed by Picasso, as typified by his portrait of Gertrude Stein, led to â€Å"a period of analysis and fragmentation and finally to a period of synthesis† (as cited in Foster, Krauss, Bois and Buchloh, 2004, p. 106). The analytical phase of Cubism, as developed by Braque and Picasso, was characterised by a number of different features, starting with the contraction of the painters’ palettes, away from the full colour spectrum to rather monochrome selections, which Foster et al. term ‘abstemious’. The second characteristic is the extreme flattening of the visual space, â€Å"as though a roller had pressed all the volume out of the bodies† (ibid. , p. 106). The third characteristic identified by Foster et al. is the visual vocabulary used to describe â€Å"the physical remains of this explosive process† (p. 06). Foster et al. illustrate these features with Picasso’s portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (1910) and Bracque’s painting The Portuguese (The Emigrant, 1911-12). The grey or tonal scale, the traditional tool of representing volume, is used very differently by the Cubists. Kahnweiler, the art dealer who exhibited both Braque and Picasso’s work, identified the â€Å"bringing about the unity of the pictorial object† as the exclusive concern of Cubism (Foster et al. , 2004, p. 107). Kahnweiler’s view as upheld by Greenberg, who saw Analytical Cubism as the fusion between two types of flatness: the â€Å"depicted flatness†, shoving the fragmented objects closer to the surface, and the â€Å"literal flatness† of that surface (ibid. , p. 109). Foster and his colleagues however question this: they note a number of differences between the evident intentions of Braque and Picasso in relation to the flat plane, with Picasso, being more ‘tactile’, more focused on exploring the possibilities of using Cubism for sculpture, and Braque more concerned with transparency. Steinberg too, urged against the blurring of Picasso and Braque’s pictures. The two exponents of Cubism saw themselves as being ‘roped together’ like mountaineers in their exploration of this new way of working, with the ebullient Spaniard referring to Braque as his ‘wife’. However, Braque was loyal to ‘passage’, the practice of visual slippage between adjacent elements, whereas Picasso, according to Foster et al. , had an â€Å"overwhelming concern with a vestigial kind of depth† (ibid, p. 109). Picasso seemed more focused on making depth tactile, as Foster et al. demonstrate with showing Picasso’s central plunging depth in Houses on the hill: Horta de Ebro (1909). They go on to argue that Braque is more concerned with the ‘diaphanous’ quality of Cubism, with the loss of traditional notions of figure and ground The Tate Gallery (1979, p. 85) presents Braque’s Clarinet and a Bottle of Rum on a Mantelpiece (1911) as a crucial point in Cubism, â€Å"when the breaking down of objects had been carried to a point very close to complete abstraction†. After this point Braque and Picasso started to introduce areas of wood-graining, the use of collage, and a re-introduction of colour, thereby representing objects in a more recognisable, but also more symbolic way. According to Gersh-Nesic (n. d. ) Synthetic Cubism integrates â€Å"high† and â€Å"low† art (art made by an artist combined with art made for commercial purposes, such as packaging), and according to some can be considered the first Pop Art. Even before 1912 Braque and Picasso had introduced stenciled lettering into their paintings. These stencils were not fine art, they were used for packaging and pub signs. The stencils draw attention to the surface of the canvas, since the uniform letters appear independent of what's painted underneath them. Two technical innovations exemplify new development in Cubism: papier colle and collage. Papier colle involves sticking coloured paper onto the canvas and was invented by Braque. Collage was developed by Picasso, and involved sticking all sorts of materials, such as leather, newspaper, material and rope, onto the surface. Sticking different materials, such as woodgrain, onto the surface of the painting playfully confused what was real and what was an illusion (Tate, n. d. ). New, provocative questions are raised with the use of collage, namely: what is more realistic, to perfectly simulate the look of a newspaper in oil paint, or to stick actual newspaper onto the canvas? (Tate, n. d. ). Wadley (1970, p. 13) holds that â€Å"technically and conceptually† Synthetic Cubism was â€Å"a denial of the European tradition†, in that the surface was now the furthest point from the spectator, not the nearest. Artists working in a synthetic way started with the terms of painting, and from them composed an image which they could justly claim was more real, â€Å"since it in no sense distorted or imitated something else† (ibid. p. 14). Gris, who was the clearest formulator of cubist theory, stated: I work with the elements of the intellect, with the imagination. I try to make concrete that which is abstract. I proceed from the general to the particular, by which I mean that I start with an abstraction in order to arrive at a true fact. Mine is an art of synthesis, of deduction. (ibid. , p. 129) Gris was called a ‘demon of logic’ by Apollinaire. Indeed, his way of working and thinking was different from his Cubist colleagues. According to Wadley the integration in Gris’ work is tighter than in comparable Picassos or Braques. Gris used collage only in his paintings, and its effect is always to strengthen the rigid division of the surface. [ ]There is no hint of Picasso’s ragged edges and random encounters, nor of Braque’s simple elements floating in a spacious arena. The total effect is of tight concentration. (Wadley, 1970, p. 82) Gris’ meticulous style is evident in how he has painstakingly arranged the letters in ‘Le Matin’ in Man in the Cafe, to correspond with the diagonal columns and echo the horizontal line elow (ibid). Foster et al. (2004) make a ‘semiotic’ reading of Picasso’s use of material in his Violin (1912): the ‘twin’ pieces of newsprint paper represent on the one hand the frontal, opaque (wood of the violin), as well as the transparent, amorphous ‘ground’ (background colour). They go on to claim that a similar visual play of meaning is evident in Picasso’s Bottle of Vieux Marc, Glass and Newspaper (1913), where a piece of wallpaper is used to represent the liquid in the glass, the rim of the glass, and the ground of the table-cloth. The cut out piece used for the liquid (looking like a chef’s top hat) represents transparency, whilst the ‘negative shape’ left by the incision represents the solid stem of the glass. The viewer might be left with the question whether the ever playful Picasso was just enjoying a visual pun, or whether he intended any of this to be read as ‘signs’. The artist himself stated: â€Å"Mathematics, trigonometry, chemistry, psycho-analysis, music and whatnot, have been related to cubism to give it an easier interpretation. All this has been pure literature, not to say nonsense, which brought bad results, blinding people with theories. (Wadley, 1970, p. 128) During its lifetime both Analytical and Synthetic Cubism encompassed and influenced many artists – the most notable of these being Leger, the three Duchamp/Villon brothers, Robert and Sonia Delaunay, Gleizes and Metzinger (who published a book on Cubism). For some of these artists Cubism functioned as a transition, although Picasso would hold that â€Å"Cubism is neither a seed, nor a foetus, but an art dealing primarily with forms, and when a form is realized it is there to live its own life† (Wadley, p. 28). It led artists like Piet Mondrian to what he saw as its logical end, complete abstraction. Cubism may have been short-lived as a movement, but it continues to influence contemporary art to this day. Collage, for instance, has become a widely practiced form of art. And in terms of form, the practice of reducing everything to the ‘cylinder, the sphere and the cone’ was brought to mind on viewing some of Manolo Valdes’ work, in an exhibition in The Hague this summer.

Politics of the 1980s Essay

The 1980s were marked by the election of Ronald Reagan to the presidential office.   The Republican Party had succeeded in gaining control of the Senate for the first time since 1954 (Spartacus Educational, 2007).   Conservatism, the ideals and goals of the new Republican president, began to change politics, religion, and the economy of the United States.   Reagan had many visions that appealed highly to social conservatives.   This paper will discuss the political issues during the Reagan administration. During the presidential campaign of 1980, a highly critical event was occurring under President James Carter.   In the conflict between Iran and Iraq, several Americans had been taken hostage by Iran.   President Carter was attempting to negotiate the release of the hostages.   Is successful, this move could prove dangerous to Reagan’s campaign.   After Iraq invaded Iran in September 1980, Carter proposed a deal with Iran that would provide much needed parts and equipment in exchange for the American hostages.   Because of the large amount of media coverage, President Carter was unsuccessful in this attempt. Ronald Reagan, however, was able to promise Iran that they would receive the parts and equipment, provided that the hostages were released.   Reagan won the election against Carter.   The hostages were released after Reagan was sworn into office.   Reagan gained the public’s confidence by being successful where Carter could not be: getting the hostages released and returned home.   William Casey, appointed by Reagan as CIA director, arranged delivery of the equipment and parts to Iran.   All the promises that were made to Iran, by Reagan, had been fulfilled.   Unfortunately, Iran now had the means to make attacks against the United States (Spartacus, 2007). Reagan’s political goals appealed to the social conservatives of the nation.   Unfortunately, Reagan’s social goals did not gain as much widespread attention as his economic and military goals.   Regan sought to cut taxes and increase military spending (Davidson et al, 2002). Reagan’s main goal was to weaken big government by using a supply-side economic theory.   By implementing a huge tax cut, the economy would be stimulated enough to raise tax revenues.   Critics argued that economic expansion would be slowed greatly.   Reagan chose higher employment and weakened unions as methods to combat inflation (Davidson et al, 2002). Reagonomics, the term used to describe Reagan’s economic policies, eventually led to a recession (Davidson et al, 2002).   Big corporations had to unwillingly yield regarding wages and work conditions.   Ultimately, the interactions between the aspects of Reagan’s policies caused conflict.   Weidenbaum (1997) stated: â€Å"Monetary restraint was the key to unwinding inflation, as well as precipitating sharp recession.   Recession, in turn, delayed the beneficial effects of the tax cuts on investment and pushed the budget deficit to unprecedented heights†¦Ironically, it was the enactment of tax cuts unmatched by spending cuts that scared the Fed into a tighter monetary policy.   The subsequent recession caused serious budgetary imbalance.† In addressing his military goals, Reagan chose to raise the spending budget.   Reagan’s desire was to create a force that could act against threats of Communism world-wide, on its own.   This was a task not easily carried out previously (Davidson et al, 2002). The largest increases of the military spending budget were allotted for expensive nuclear weapons system.   The defense planners of the Reagan administration brought back the antinuclear peace movements with Europe and America.   The Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) had the purpose of establishing a missile defense system that was to be based in space. Even though the economic aspects of Reagan’s political goals were conflicting with each other, the public’s confidence was still strong.   Reagan’s publicity was so sound that it seemed impenetrable.   Reagan easily won the 1984 presidential election (Davidson et al, 2002). Reagan adopted the same attitudes toward foreign policy as the rest of his political agenda.   Reagan was a strong believer that the United States should stand tall and proud.   Unfortunately, growing problems overseas proved that maintaining order was quite problematic. Reagan, in trying to help a war torn region gain peace, sent American members of the Marines to Lebanon.   The American peacekeepers were soon forced into the middle of a civil war.   Terrorists blew up a U.S. military barrack, killing 241 people.   The President ordered the troops to leave immediately (Davidson et al, 2002). Growing problems in other nations were occurring as well.   By the middle of 1985, there were two major problems that demanded immediate attention.   â€Å"First, Congress had forbidden support of the Contras in Nicaragua.   And second, Iranian-backed terrorists continued to hold American hostages in Lebanon† (Davidson et al, 2002). Controversy soon took control.   Reagan had found a way to negotiate the release of the hostages in Lebanon.   If the U.S. sold Iran a few weapons, they might, in turn, persuade Lebanon to release the hostages.   In a year’s time, there had been four secret shipments of weapons to Iran.   Only one hostage was released.   This exchange of weapons for hostages was not only a failure, but completely contradictory to the President’s solemn promise to never pay a ransom to terrorists (Davidson et al, 2002). Meanwhile, Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North and NSA Advisor Robert McFarlane had discovered a way to secretly aid the Nicaraguan Contras.   McFarlane was able to convince Saudi Arabia to deposit a large amount of money into a savings account where it could then be laundered.   Oliver North then spent the money on weapons that were sent through Central America (Davidson et al, 2002). Because information of the two secret operations had been leaked, there were hearings held.   The scandal had been named â€Å"Irongate,† comparing it to Richard Nixon’s scandal.   The hearings soon ended.   Reagan’s improving relations with the Soviets helped to restore confidence once again (Davidson et al, 2002). In 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev entered the Kremlin.   In December 1987, Reagan met with Gorbachev to sign the Intermediate Nuclear Force treaty, in which both sides would destroy any intermediate-range nuclear missiles with ranges of 600 to 3400 miles.   Both sides agreed to on-site inspections of any missile bases (Davidson et al, 2002). With the presidential election of 1988 growing near, Reagan could now take credit for the positive results of relations with the Soviets.   George H.W. Bush, the Vice President, seemed to be the rightful Republican heir.   â€Å"Bush vowed a continuation of Reagan’s policies and in foreign affairs he was as aggressive as his predecessor† (Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition; 2007). As a conclusion, Lawrence Kudlow (1997) stated: â€Å"It was Ronald Reagan who led this Revolution, who established this new higher ground, who provided us with the spirit, the vision, and the road map which is today still being followed by the most successful politicians on the world scene.† References Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th edition. (2007). â€Å"United States.† New York: Columbia University Press; 52958 pgs. Davidson et al. (2002) Nations of Nations: A Concise Narrative of the American Republic, 3rd edition, Vol. 2. Kudlow, L. (1997). â€Å"Reagonomics: What Worked? What Didn’t?† Keynote Address delivered to the Center of the American Experiment. [electronic] Accessed at http://www.kudlow.com/pdfs/Reagonomics.pdf Spartacus Educational. (2008). â€Å"Ronald Reagan.† Accessed at http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAreagan.htm Weidenbaum, M. (1997) â€Å"Reagonomics – Its Remarkable Results.† Christian Science Monitor, December 18, 1997. Accessed at http://www.csmonitor.com/durable/1997/12/18/opin/opin.2.html

Free Essays on Hasidic Judaism

The Jewish communities of Eastern Europe in the late 17th and early 18th Centuries were devastated. From 1648 – 1654, â€Å"the greatest Jewish suffering since the Crusades [Porath, 33]† occurred which have been misleadingly coined the Ukrainian uprisings. This period, in Hebrew, is known as the Tach v’Tacht (the phrase represents all eight of the years, but is actually an acronym for the two worst years, the beginning years of the uprisings, 1648-49). Cossack anti-Semite Bogdan Chmelnicki led his fellow Cossacks, who were also Ukrainian peasants, throughout Europe to slaughter Jews. Historians say that anywhere from 100,000 to 125,000 Jews were slain: twenty to twenty-five percent of the Jewish population of Europe at that time [webinfonet.net/heritage/history.html, 10/29/01]. Many leaders attempted to arise from the occasion as Jewish leaders, but none of the flames could endure; no one could truly captivate the people enough to make his/her movement credible in the mind of the public. Then, in the early 18th Century, enters Israel Ben Eliezer, the man known as the Ba’al Shem Tov, Israel Ba’al Shem Tov, or Besht, the founder of Hasidism. He truly captivated the public as a strong, able leader whose philosophies were consistent with that of the working class, anti-intellectual, faithless Jew. Therefore, the entrance of Hasidism into the lives of Polish Jews, and eventually Jews around the world was a result of the need for blind faith in hard times, dissatisfaction with options available, and previously unseen able leadership. In order to truly understand Hasidism, we must attempt to understand the man to whom â€Å"more legends have been woven around†¦than around Moses, father of the Prophets [Rabinowicz, 29]† : Israel Ba’al Shem Tov, and his theological philosophies. Israel Ba’al Shem Tov (abbreviated as Besht) was born circa 1700 as part of a poor Polish family. He was an orphan at a young age, and was sent... Free Essays on Hasidic Judaism Free Essays on Hasidic Judaism The Jewish communities of Eastern Europe in the late 17th and early 18th Centuries were devastated. From 1648 – 1654, â€Å"the greatest Jewish suffering since the Crusades [Porath, 33]† occurred which have been misleadingly coined the Ukrainian uprisings. This period, in Hebrew, is known as the Tach v’Tacht (the phrase represents all eight of the years, but is actually an acronym for the two worst years, the beginning years of the uprisings, 1648-49). Cossack anti-Semite Bogdan Chmelnicki led his fellow Cossacks, who were also Ukrainian peasants, throughout Europe to slaughter Jews. Historians say that anywhere from 100,000 to 125,000 Jews were slain: twenty to twenty-five percent of the Jewish population of Europe at that time [webinfonet.net/heritage/history.html, 10/29/01]. Many leaders attempted to arise from the occasion as Jewish leaders, but none of the flames could endure; no one could truly captivate the people enough to make his/her movement credible in the mind of the public. Then, in the early 18th Century, enters Israel Ben Eliezer, the man known as the Ba’al Shem Tov, Israel Ba’al Shem Tov, or Besht, the founder of Hasidism. He truly captivated the public as a strong, able leader whose philosophies were consistent with that of the working class, anti-intellectual, faithless Jew. Therefore, the entrance of Hasidism into the lives of Polish Jews, and eventually Jews around the world was a result of the need for blind faith in hard times, dissatisfaction with options available, and previously unseen able leadership. In order to truly understand Hasidism, we must attempt to understand the man to whom â€Å"more legends have been woven around†¦than around Moses, father of the Prophets [Rabinowicz, 29]† : Israel Ba’al Shem Tov, and his theological philosophies. Israel Ba’al Shem Tov (abbreviated as Besht) was born circa 1700 as part of a poor Polish family. He was an orphan at a young age, and was sent...

Contemporary challenges facing nurses in the provision for older Essay

Contemporary challenges facing nurses in the provision for older adults in Australia - Essay Example These findings identify a concern that the care delivery system has moved away from a patient-centred model of care towards one that focuses increasingly less on the patient and more on the needs of the system. The reality that health care organisations in Australia are not always delivering health care to elder patients and their families that emphasises their individual needs, desires and circumstances represents contemporary challenge for healthcare professionals and nursing personnel. The health care delivery method known as â€Å"patient-centred care† is now recognised as the mechanism most likely to improve quality of care and the health status of elder patients. This quality focus on the delivery of patient-centred care recognises the contribution of patient and family experiences in care delivery processes (Epstein et al, 2005). This approach includes an appreciation of interpersonal processes or the relationship development aspects of care as essential and pivotal requirements for the delivery of high quality health care. This particular â€Å"patient-centred† perspective for care delivery has become the leading policy directive for improving quality (Davis, Schoenba um & Audet, 2005). At the point of service and service delivery, nurses are uniquely positioned to deliver patient-centred care for Australia ageing population. Although no single definition of patient-centred care is commonly acknowledged, typical dimensions of patient-centred care include health care activities that encompass the qualities of caring, compassion, and responsiveness to the needs of the individual human (Healthissuescentre, 2010). Effective patient-centred care has been shown to be influenced by organisational factors such as characteristics of the work environment and nurses’ job satisfaction. In studies comparing patient-centred care

Pilot shortage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pilot shortage - Research Paper Example The United States needs to make major changes in the airline industry and pilot certification programs now, to protect the industry from the devastating effects of this shortage, and to ensure the continued stability of airline travel both nationally, and internationally for years to come. A pilot, also known as an aviator, is the person in control of an aircraft during flight. In terms of the safety of the flight, pilots are the most vital single component, because they are responsible for the aircraft during travel. According to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) commercial aircraft are required to have two pilots in the cockpit during Air Carrier operations, and to ensure there is someone who can take control during an emergency. For the last decades, the shortage of people entering the field of aviation has been growing, creating a notable shortage of pilots. There are a number of reasons that there are not enough pilots to currently meet America’s need for air travel including: increased rate of pilot retirement, decreased qualified individuals entering the field of aviation, increased restrictions and requirements, and increased demand for air travel services. As a result, the pilot shortage has been a growing problem in United States aviation industry, and if not solved carefully, it is a deficit that could lead to many serious problems. However, with efforts from all parts of aviation industry, pilot shortage is not a no-solution problem. A pilot shortage is the inadequacy or insufficiency of people qualified to actively and directly operate the â€Å"directional flight controls of an aircraft while it is in flight† (Wikipedia, 2015). Culturally, it refers to a situation where America currently, or any country, has very few aviators currently employed, creating a situation where there are not enough

Network Remote Access Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Network Remote Access - Essay Example On this logical connection data packets are constructed in a specific VPN protocol and are encapsulated within some other carrier protocol then transmitted between VPN client and server. The name itself signifies that the client has to it self has to initiate or to manage the connection. The VPN client has to first establish a connection to the carrier and then the VPN client will create a tunnel to the VPN server over the logical live connection. In compulsory tunneling the Internet service provider has to manage VPN connection setup. When the user in this case an employee away from the office tries to establisha connection to a local carrier, the ISP inurn establishes a connection to the VPN server. If we look from the clients point of view, Compared to voluntary tunneling compulsory tunneling sets up a VPN connection in just one step instead of two steps in a voluntary tunneling. This kind of tunneling authenticates the users or the client and then connects them with the specific VPN servers using specified logic built into the broker device. The network device that comes into picture for compulsory tunneling is some times called FEP (front end processors), Network access servers (NAS) or point of presence (POS). The basic function of compulsory tunneling is to hide the details of server connectivity from the VPN client and then moves it's control from client to local carrier. Using a dialup connection also a connection can be esta... The network device that comes into picture for compulsory tunneling is some times called FEP (front end processors), Network access servers (NAS) or point of presence (POS). The basic function of compulsory tunneling is to hide the details of server connectivity from the VPN client and then moves it's control from client to local carrier. The additional burden for the service provider is the he has to install and maintain the front-end processors. There are number VPN tunneling protocols available, which are presently implemented in various VPN applications. The most widely used are. 1. Point-to-point tunneling protocol. (PPTP) 2. Layer Two Tunneling Protocol (L2TP). 3. Internet protocol security (Ipsec). 1. Dialup connection using telephone line. Using a dialup connection also a connection can be established to a VPN server from a remote place. But dialup connection is adequate to connect to an E-mail server. It lags in terms of continuous contact with the server due to frequent disconnection. So, connectivity and reliability is not associated with this type of connection, which are required for intensive and secure business applications 2. Dialup connection using mobile phone. VPN connectivity to the company's network using a mobile phone is also possible with a hand set having GPRS feature. This could be an ideal way for the employees who are always on the move. Connecting to company's network using mobile phone for prolonged duration is not advisable since there are chances of disconnection from the servers of the office network due to congestion in cellular network during peak time. Another disadvantage using a cell phone is that an employee has to compromise with the speed offered by the service provider. During an Internet

Procedural Email Message Assignment Essay Example for Free

Procedural Email Message Assignment Essay

Cylinder Taper and Cylinder Out of Round

Cylinder Taper and Cylinder Out of Round Aditya Patel Equipment Utilized An assortment of hand tools, pullers and specialty measuring tools were used during this assignment Health and Safety Precautions Safety boots and glasses were mandatory in the shop Proper lifting techniques, and getting help lifting was very important Unit Identification GM 3100 Engine References GM 3100 service manual, and our classroom text book were used. Lab notes and internet were used for some of the notes. Method 1. List all the steps needed to measure cylinder taper and out of round. a bore gauge calibration unit was set up by using fixture and calibration unit the bore gauge was placed in this unit and calibrated using the micrometre scale on the unit. To calibrate for specific bore, use the standards. For example, for 4.406 bore, install 4.000+ standard and set the scale to 0.406. Bore gauge is calibrated until the dial shows 0 on it. Or more adjustment should be done. the bore gauge was then placed inside the cylinder at Top thrust surface and rock the bore gauge front and back until dial goes up and comes back. Note the highest reading, the dial reaches. Do same for bottom thrust surface. To measure the cylinder out of round, measure top thrust surface of the cylinder but perpendicular to the first measured. Now compare both reading for top thrust surfaces readings. If the difference between the measured reading is more than 0.0005 then the cylinder is out of round or else, it is good. To measure the taper, subtract the reading of bottom thrust surface from top thrust surface. If the reading is more than 0.0008 then cylinder is not good. Cylinder Taper is the difference of the diameter between top of the cylinder bore under the ridge and bottom of the cylinder Cylinder out of Round is the difference of diameter when measured parallel to crankshaft and then perpendicular to the same at top of the cylinder using bore gauge. Method Continued   Ã‚   2. Document 2 methods of measuring piston to cylinder bore clearance. Feeler Strip Method Remove all compression and oil control rings from pistons Invert the piston and place it back in the cylinder in upside down position with feeler strip. The feeler strip should not be on the piston pin hole. After piston is placed in the cylinder slowly take the filler gauge out. While taking the filler gauge out, if it feels too hard or loose the try different size of the gauge until you get the perfect size. The perfect size of filler gauge should not feel too tight or smooth while taking it out. (Measuring clearance using feeler strip) Calculated Method Measure the diameter of the piston across the skirt with well calibrated micrometre. Note the reading. Now using the bore gauge measure the cylinder diameter under the ridge. Record the reading. Now subtract the piston diameter from cylinder diameter. The measurement achieved is the piston to cylinder clearance. Note that before taking any reading the micrometre should be well calibrated and the surfaces should be cleaned. (Bore gauge measuring the cylinder diameter) (Measuring piston diameter using Micrometre) 3. Construct a chart listing cylinder, piston ring and crankshaft clearances. Located under observations heading 4. Record how to check ring clearances. (side and end) Side Clearance Remove all compression and oil control rings from pistons Clean the piston ring groove before measuring. For measuring the ring clearance, the ring doesnt need to be installed in the piston. Gently place the ring in the groove. After placing the ring measure the clearance with the help of feeler gauge between the ring and upper edge of the groove. Compare the measured ring clearance with the manufacturers specification. If the measured clearance is more then the manufacturers specification the change the ring. (Measuring Ring Clearance using Feeler Strip) End Gap Remove all compression and oil control rings from pistons Place the ring in the same cylinder from which piston come out. Using the piston slowly push the ring in the cylinder. Then measure the gap between the two ends of the rings with filler strip. The filler strip should not too hard or too smooth to pass between the two ends of the rings. Then do same for the second ring and note the measurement. Compare this measurement with the manufacturers specification. If the measured end gap is more then the actual specification the change the ring. (Measuring piston ring end gap using feeler strip) 5. Describe 2 methods of measuring crankshaft bearing clearance. Plastigauge Method remove the main bearing caps from the block and clean the surface of the crankshaft journals with a clean rag. Now place a piece of plastigauge according to the width of the journal. Install back main bearing caps on their same position as before. Check that the bearings are in the correct direction. Install the bolts and tighten them with torque wrench at the manufacturers specification. Now remove the main bearing caps and check the spread of plastigauge. Compare with the marking given on the cover of the plastigauge and note the reading. Now compare this reading with the actual specification. Before installing main bearings back, carefully wipe the plastigauge marks. (Measuring the Crankshaft bearing clearance using plasti gauge) Calculated Method Measure the crankshaft journal diameter using a well calibrated micrometre. Measure every journal two times both perpendicular at each other. Note every reading. Now put the bearing journals back on. Use torque wrench to tight the bearings with specified torque. Using inside micrometre or bore dial gauge measure the diameter of the bearing. Note the reading. To measure bearing clearance, subtract the crankshaft journal diameter measurement from bearing journal diameter. The allowable clearance for crankshaft is between 0.0008-0.0025. 6. Explain what causes cylinder taper and cylinder out of round Cylinder Taper is caused by wear caused by friction and combustion cause the bore to be cone shaped. Cylinder Out of Round is caused by pressure created by piston rings to the cylinder walls. Observations Cylinder Measurements Cyl #1 Cyl #2 Cyl #3 Cyl #4 Cyl #5 Cyl #6 (Thrust Surface Under Ridge) A 0.0016 0.0018 0.0018 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 (Thrust Surface Bottom) B 0.0013 0.0014 0.0012 0.0014 0.0011 0.0013 (90  ° Under Ridge) C 0.0012 0.0015 0.0012 0.0013 0.001 0.0011 Taper (Subtract B from A) Measurements Cyl #1 Cyl #2 Cyl #3 Cyl #4 Cyl #5 Cyl #6 (Thrust Surface Under Ridge) A 0.0016 0.0018 0.0018 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 (Thrust Surface Bottom) B 0.0013 0.0014 0.0012 0.0014 0.0011 0.0013 Taper 0.0003 0.0004 0.0006 0.0001 0.0004 0.0001 Specification 0.0008 Out of Round ( Subtract C from A ) Measurements Cyl #1 Cyl #2 Cyl #3 Cyl #4 Cyl #5 Cyl #6 ( Thrust Surface Under Ridge ) A 0.0016 0.0018 0.0018 0.0015 0.0015 0.0014 ( 90  ° Under Ridge ) C 0.0012 0.0015 0.0012 0.0013 0.0010 0.0011 Out of Round 0.0004 0.0003 0.0006 0.0002 0.0005 0.0003 Specification 0.0005 Observations Continued Piston Ring Clearance Measurements Specs #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 Ring End Gap: Top Ring 0.006-0.014 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.27 0.17 0.19 Second Ring 0.0197-0.0280 0.30 0.16 0.20 0.18 0.16 0.19 Ring Groove Clearance: Top Ring 0.002-0.0033 0.002 0.0025 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 Second Ring 0.002-0.0035 0.002 0.002 0.0025 0.002 0.002 0.002 Bearing Clearance Checks Specs #1 #2 #3 #4 Bearing Bore Dia. (A) 2.6472 2.6502 2.649 2.652 2.648 2.650 Journal Diameter (B) 2.6473 2.6483 2.647 2.646 2.647 2.645 Clearance (A B) 0.0008 0.0025 0.002 0.006 0.001 0.005 Plastigauge Clearance 0.0008-0.0025 0.0015 0.0020 0.0010 0.0020 Conclusions Upon completing the measurements and visual inspections, I would recommend that due to the excessive wear and out of round cylinder, the cylinder should be bored. While measuring the piston ring clearance we noticed that the piton rings were replaced and were both of same size on one piston.      

The Communist Manifesto Essay -- Communist Manifesto Essays

The Communist Manifesto   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marx describes the problem in great detail in the first chapter. He feels there is a problem between the bourgeoisie and the proletarians. The bourgeoisie were the oppressed class before the French Revolution and he argues that they are now the oppressors. The proletarians are the new working class, which works in the large factory and industries. He says that through mass industry they have sacrificed everything from the old way of religion, employment, to a man’s self worth and replaced it with monetary value. He is mad that the people of ole that use to be upper class such as skills man, trades people, & shopkeepers, are now slipping into the proletarians or working class. He talks of the bourgeoisie getting to be so greedy that they are forced to nest all over the world to hock their goods. This is talking about the new import and export system that has formed. He says the working class has to deal with the flux of the market and is disposed of more eas ily than the machines used in the market. He says that they actually become part of the machine while working. Doing the simplest and most monotonous part of the job. In this new system Marx says â€Å"as repulsiveness of work increases, the wage of work decreases†. He also prophesizes that machines will become so advanced that the wages for man will become one extremely low rate. He says the proletarians live a life of exploitation. By being exploited at work in the w...

Cusick and Her Lesbian Relationship with Music Essay

In the essay â€Å"On a Lesbian Relationship with Music: A Serious Effort Not to Think Straight† by Suzanne G. Cusick, she brings up an interesting topic about the connection between her being a lesbian and her being a musician, a musicologist, if there exists any. I’m especially interested in the â€Å"power system† and the link between musicality and lesbianism she mentions in this article. Here, I’ll try to analysis them in detail and relate them with other issues in music and sexuality, exploring them in a more general picture. Cusick redefines the concept of sexuality in her essay, as the way of â€Å"expressing and/or enacting relationships of intimacy through physical pleasure shared, accepted, or given.† According to her, this process of expressing and enacting can also be found in our musical activities, where the circulation of physical pleasure can be experienced as well. Thus, she says that our musicalities and our sexualities are â€Å"psychically next-door neighbors.† (70) I need to claim that this idea of her amazes me. From my previous musical experience, I’m pretty sure that music is a subject highly intimate for me. For instance, I usually have reluctance when I’m asked to sing or perform a song written by myself, even if I think it is a brilliant one. And this won’t happen if the song is someone else’s. In my opinion, music, especially my own music which I’m personally attached to, is an expression of my true self, and that identity and personal characteristics contained in it makes it so special that I won’t be willing to share it with others, unless it’s someone really close to me. Another fact that I think will support Cusick’s idea is that different people always have different opinions towards the same piece of music. No matter how the composer perceives it, the listener usually has the tendency to relate it to his/her own personal experiences, which differ from person to person. It is reasonable to think that music is a symbol of someone’s personalities and characteristics, because of the intimacy the music creates. Therefore, I believe that there exists a connection between the musicality and the sexuality of a certain person, since both of them are revelations of his/her true identity, and we can examine our own behaviors on both of them. In other words, these two factors are connected because of the person who they belong to, and they are contained in the system of his/her perspectives. Cusick also explains in her article what does it mean to be a â€Å"lesbian† and how to define sexuality, which are essential questions if we want to relate it to music. From her point of view, the essence of one’s sexuality and the element of all relationships is the power system. An example that can explain this is what musicologists say about the masculinity in Beethoven. In Susan McClary’s opinion, there exist musical constructions of gender and sexuality. She regards the field of music and musicology as male-dominated, since the masculine norm and the distinction between genders are deeply rooted in music, such as masculine and feminine cadences, rhythms, gendered major and minor triads, etc. (7) She also analyzes Beethoven’s music, which to her contains â€Å"pounding†, â€Å"thrusting† gestures that represent masculinity. (75) On the contrary, in Sanna Pederson’s article â€Å"Beethoven and Masculinity,† she redefines the concept of masculinity and the link between it with Beethoven. She states that we can find an alternative approach, arguing that we regard Beethoven as symbol of masculinity because of the overwhelming idea that viewing woman as â€Å"as unchanging, eternal essence, as the opposite of the dynamically striving and achieving man.† (326) Matthew Head also approaches this from another perspective by examining the heroic in Beethoven’s works, finding many cross-dressed he roines. (132) It’s notable that although there is importance put on female characters, women usually need to conceal their sexuality and transgress the gendered norms in order to serve as the epitomes in the aesthetic sphere. This shows that, no matter what kind of connection there exists between Beethoven and masculinity, there does exist a power system that emphasis on the inequality between men and women, where women as less – worth less, power less – man, in both our society and in music. Whichever argument we believe, we should admit the extensive presence of the power system in our society, and in practice, it can be found both in music and in many relationships between people, especially heterosexual ones. The most significant point of view of her in this essay, I think, is that she believes being a lesbian is an escape from this power system: As a woman, as a non-dominating and non-power woman who loves another woman in her relationship, the flow of power can exist in both directions, as opposed to a heterosexual relationship where a man typically plays the dominating and powerful part. And Cusick believes that this is the beauty of a lesbian relationship: it’s about â€Å"organizing the force field of power, pleasure, and intimacy that refuses the simple binary opposition male and female†. The lack of opposition creates a world that scrambles the usual components of â€Å"man† and â€Å"woman†, and a world â€Å"free of fixed categories.† (73) This reminds me of the documentary â€Å"Paris is Burning†, which stunned me with its idea of celebrations of a powerful expression of personalities, without any restriction of boundaries. There, what matters is the personal prides, which are fully showed in the â€Å"drag nights† in New York. Cusick further explains the elements in a lesbian relationship as the â€Å"power/pleasure/intimacy† triad. (71) From my understanding, this is indeed an appropriate way to observe a relationship. As I mentioned before, power is an important factor that circulates within the relationship. What’s more, pleasure and intimacy are objectives that we usually want to achieve when we are involved someone we love, and thus they are essential bolsters of a relationship. As Cusick says, this triad can be experienced more freely in lesbian relationships, because without the power flowing only in one direction, the equality and balance between the two lovers can give them more intimacy and pleasure, both physically and psychically, from their relationship. Hence, in Cusick’s article, being a lesbian is not merely a sexual orientation; it is also the way one prefers to behave, to organize the relationship to the world in a â€Å"power/pleasure/intimacy† triad. It’s a way of refusing, breaking, and creating, and to cope with the world in a way that she prefers. And these behaviors can also be detected in a person’s musicality, which is also built in his/he r identity. More interestingly, Cusick talks about the â€Å"lesbian relationship† she has with music. She treats music as a woman, and a woman that can be a lover, and also the beloved – as in a lesbian relationship where the power circulates both ways and cross without boundaries. (78) In the article â€Å"Musicality, Essentialism, and the Closet† written by Philip Brett, he also discusses music be perceived as feminine. Brett says that in history, music has often been considered a dangerous substance, â€Å"an agent of moral ambiguity always in dander of bestowing deviant status upon its practitioners.† (11) By describing music as a woman that â€Å"ravish† our sense or our soul, people from the medieval and early modern times let us see how close music and sexuality can be. This also makes Cusick’s treating music as a female lover more sensible. Another idea of her that interests me is that she thinks her choice of music can reflects her sexuality. She says that her love for hidden relationships and the tension between the ostensible structure, which represents the tension between a social norm and â€Å"a very high degree of eccentricity,† suggests her escape from the power system. Also, she dis-prefers music hat upset this power equilibrium. (77) She explains this by saying that her â€Å"lesbian self† let her prefer certain kinds of music and reject some other kinds. This makes me think about in general, how people’s choices of music reflect their sexuality and identity, and to what degree. I agree that the choices of music can reflect that person’s personality to some extent, but I also believe that the music he/she listens can shape that person into the qualities and personalities that the music wants him/her to have. The same as Cusick’s relationship with her music, there is a counter -influence here as well. Rentfrow and Gosling found in their research that people’s music preferences are related to a wide array of personality dimensions and self-views. If the links between music preferences and personality do exist, we can easily infer that our choices of music reflect our identity, which also links to our sexuality. Besides, we can always see the influences of music on people. It has been shown by Frederick H. Martens that music exerts its collective influence in the course of history. He also says that as an individual influence, music is one of the factors in the life of kings and rulers, which also â€Å"has exerted a more or less direct influence on the destinies of countries and peoples.† We can see clearly from his article that music can significantly affect one’s views and thoughts on this world, therefore it is an important element in directing people’s personality and characteristics. Hence, the relationship between a person and the music he/she listens is a mutual one. People’s preference of music decides the music they choose, and what they choose can reversely change them as well, directing them into the qualities that can be defined through that music. This can also illustrate Cusick’s point that her relationship with music is about the power dynamic that circulates both ways between music and her, and this relationship highly resembles the one between lesbian lovers. Thus, the link between music and sexuality is obvious. Furthermore, I’m wondering about how the connection between identity and sexuality works in other subjects and fields of study. Cusick says in her article that she does not address the texts of music because she thinks that they tend to trick us into staying in a â€Å"power-over paradigm that is mighty close to the regime of compulsory heterosexuality.† Personally, I don’t entirely agree with her on this. In my opinion, other subjects such as literature and art can also illustrate one’s identity, thus they can represent people’s qualities through the â€Å"â€Å"power/pleasure/intimacy† triad as well, and so does texts in music . The reason why Cusick thinks that focusing on texts can deviates us is that her love and professional interests in music leave her only looking at music as an intimate lover. But for people from other fields and domains, their subjects can be treated as lovers and beloved as well. For example, it is reasonable to imagine a poet feels extreme intimacy in his relationship with poems. Cusick mentioned by herself in the notes that she can also find tremendous joy from cooking, and she loves to peel fruits and vegetables without a knife, because she believes it will create wholly pleasurable experiences. (83) I would not say Cusick is also in love with vegetables, but what she says can suggest that pleasure and intimacy do not solely exist between people and music. As Pygmalion can fall in love with the statue he carved, why can’t a songwriter build a romantic tie with the texts of music he wrote? In other words, as long as we have passion, the relationship between people and his/her subject of study can be developed in any area, within which we can find its connection with sexuality. This essay of Cusick is not very long, but the notions it contains, I believe, are really valuable sources of thoughts if we want to explore the relationship between music and sexuality, especially when we want to discover it from a perspective about our own identity and personal characteristics. Cusick has nicely shown that the boundary between music and sex can be a blurred one, where both are means of negotiating power and intimacy through the circulation of pleasure. Here, the most important is the people that involves both with music and with sex, intimately experiencing them and wholly mingling with them. As Cusick says, what really matters is neither music nor sex, but â€Å"the transcendent joy of being alive, not dead, and aware of the existence.† (69) Works Cited: Brett, Philip, Elizabeth Wood, and Gary Thomas. Queering the Pitch : the New Gay and Lesbian Musicology. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2006. McClary, Susan. Reading Music : Selected Essays. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2007. McClary, Susan. Feminine Endings : Music, Gender, and Sexuality. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1991. Rentfrow, Peter J, and Samuel D Gosling. â€Å"The do re miÊ ¼s of everyday life: the structure and personality correlates of music preferences.† Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84.6 (2003) : 1236-1256. Frederick H. Martens. The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Apr., 1925), pp. 196-218 Burnham, Scott G, and Michael P Steinberg. Beethoven and His World. Princeton [N.J.]: Princeton University Press, 2000. Head, Matthew. â€Å"Beethoven Heroine: A Female Allegory of Music and Authorship in Egmont.† 19th-Century Music 30 (2006-07), 97-132.